ANTH 0780 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. HolismA. Definition B. ExampleII. EthnocentrismA. DefinitionB. Example from readingIII. Cultural RelativismA. DefinitionB. Example Outline of Current Lecture I. FieldworkII. Who developed fieldwork?A. Bronislaw Malinowski- “father of fieldwork”B. Franz Boas- “father of American Anthropology”III. How has fieldwork changed?IV. PositivismA. Positivism’s limitsV. Interpretive AnthropologyVI. Reflective perspectiveVII. Impacts of Critiques A. Studying upCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. FieldworkA. Extended period of close involvement with the people whose way of life interests the anthropologist B. Period where the Anthropologist collects most of his/her dataC. Anthropologists started with studying cultures based on the data collected by others such as missionaries, colonial officials, and tradersII. Who developed fieldwork?A. Bronislaw Malinowski- “father of fieldwork”1. Most famous for the ethnographic monographs such as the Argonauts of the Western Pacific, which explores the Kula Ring, a form of economic exchange among the Trobriand IslandersB. Franz Boas- “father of American Anthropology”1. Opponent of scientific racism, which said that race is a biological concept and human behavior is best understood through the study of biological characteristics2. Believed that cultures adapted and changed backed on the contact people had intheir environment3. Trained Margret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Zora Neale Hurston4. Believed that Anthropology should study the entire human experience 5. Developed four sections of research: archeological, physical, linguistic, and cultural III. How has fieldwork changed?A. Shifted from attempts to be scientifically objective to acknowledging the contingent and located nature of interactionsB. Began with a positivist approach and moved to an interpretive oneC. Began with studying groups with less power but now study either groups with more power or the connections created by various global projectsIV. PositivismA. The position that there is an ultimate, singular, knowable reality and that this reality can be studied through a single, appropriate set of scientific methods B. Based on “objective” knowledge which is knowledge that is absolute and trueC. Positivism’s limits1. Pretends that social environment is a laboratory in which social scientists work 2. Ignores social scientist’s interactions and impact on society not accounted for in work Tries to represent culture as static entity3. Often tied to colonial projects—i.e., study cultures within colonial empire V. Interpretive AnthropologyA. Developed as a response to objectivity in the 1960sB. Allowed anthropologist’s background to begin to inform the production of knowledgeC. Culture is read as a textD. Critiquing the Interpretive perspective1. Argued that anthropologists frame thoughts according to own social, political, and literary history and that anthropologists tend to study people with less power and status VI. Reflective perspectiveA. Refers to the explicit acknowledgement of the way in which one thinks and how one’s choices regarding the field are informed by one’s cultural background and intersubjective knowledgeB. Intersubjective Knowledge: knowledge that is shared between subjectsC. Depends on explicit recognition of political and ethical dimensions of fieldwork and how these shaped knowledge in the fieldD. Stating explicitly your relationship to the culture and how people with that culture interact with you VII. Impacts of Critiques A. Studying up1. Studying groups, institutions, or people with more power2. Example: working with large businesses, insurance companies, or elites3. Multisited Ethnography– Ethnography that traces people, objects, ideas, in various locations4. Uses cultural connections created by various global movements, including colonial