Anthropology Definitions and Key ConceptsChapter 10 Making a Living-people in all societies need to secure the basic material necessities of life, and different socities have developed a variety of ways of doing so. This chapter introduces some of th diversity in human economic practices and also discusses the different ways that anthropological gists have tried to explain this economic diverstity.Subsistence strategies- The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans.Food collectors- those who gather , fish, or hunt for food.Food producers- those who depend on domesticated plants or animals for food.Extensive agriculture- a form of cultivation based on the technique of clearing uncultivated land, burning the brush, and planting the crops in the ash-enriched soil,which requires moving farm plots every few years as the soil becomes exhausted.Intensive agriculture- a form of cultivation that employs plows, draft animals, irrigation, fertilizer, and such to bring much land under cultivation at one time, to use it year after year, and to produce significant crop surplusesMechanized industrial agriculture- large scale faming and animal husbandry that is highly dependent of industrial methods of technology and production.Economic anthropology-the part of the discipline (of anthropology) that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making aliving.Institutions- stable and enduring cultural practices that organize social life.-production, distribution, and consumption.Neoclassical economic theory- a formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution.Ideology- those products of consciousness –such as morality, religion, and metaphysics- that purport to explain to people who they are and to justify to them the kinds of lives they lead.Affluence- the condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.CH 11 – Where do our relatives come from and why do they matter?Relatedness- The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways.Imagined Communities- Term borrowed from political scientist Benedict Anderson to refer to groups whose members knowledge of one another does not come from regular face – to face- interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions, such as schools ad government bureaucracies.Friendship- the relatively unofficial bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective and often a matter of choice.Kinship- Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.Descent- the principal based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.Adoption- kiship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.Sex-observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and ales, needed for biological reproductionGender- the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each