ANTH 0780 1nd Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture Exam IIOutline of Current Lecture I. The Gift A. Marcel Mauss1. Goal2. Approach to problemB. Total social phenomenaC. It enacts and reveals the social institutions through its movement D. Levi-Strauss’s structuralismE. Shows a cross-cultural comparison II. Total Social ServicesA. “Total Social Services”- the gift and gift exchange represent a “total social phenomenon”is because of the way it happens in archaic societies B. Total Social Services C. PotlatchD. Specific characteristics E. Two types of goods in Samoa 1. Oloa (masculine)2. Tonga (feminine)3. Example: Child4. Object as TalismanIII. Active Nature of Exchanged Goods A. Maori Tonga:B. Illuminates two important social systems1. Legal System2. The system of obligationC. Total Services1. Compulsory nature of exchange- three obligationsCurrent LectureI. The Gift A. Marcel Mauss- french Anthropologist and SociologistThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Goal– To demonstrate that there is no thing as a “natural” economy premised solely on the idea of exchange3. Approach to problem- to demonstrate that the gift and gift exchange is a total social phenomenaB. Total social phenomena- the gift encapsulates every aspect of social life within archaic societiesC. It enacts and reveals the social institutions through its movement. These include: religious, juridical, moral D. Levi-Strauss’s structuralism inspired by The Gift (seen as the “Father” of modern French Anthropology)E. Shows a cross-cultural comparison between Melanesian, Polynesian, and American Northwest Native American TribesII. Total Social ServicesA. “Total Social Services”- the gift and gift exchange represent a “total social phenomenon”is because of the way it happens in archaic societies B. Total Social Services are characterized by communal, enduring, and goods which are more than one object exchanged C. Potlatch- exemplary form of Total Social Services1. Means “to feed” or “to consume”2. Marked by agonistic character in which one group consistently tries to outdo the other chief3. Destruction of group’s property by chief, signals comparative wealth and places exchange groups within a social hierarchy.4. Total social services of an agonistic type.D. Specific characteristics that speak to communal and enduring nature of exchange in Samoa1. Contractual nature of gift exchange extend beyond marriage2. Honor and prestige are conferred through wealth – Obligation to reciprocateE. Two types of goods in Samoa through which Mauss establishes the communal and enduring nature of exchange:1. Oloa (masculine)- movable goods that are not tied to lineage 2. Tonga (feminine)- permanent paraphernalia that is given at marriage to daughter and inherited by daughters of that marriage3. Example: Childa. A “Tonga,” or feminine objectb. Matrilocal residency patternc. Child becomes the channel through which objects belonging to the maternal kin are exchanged against those of the paternal kin 4. Object as Talismana. The idea that the object maintains an element of its giver.b. Makes the object dangerousc. Tools that belong to the husband III. Active Nature of Exchanged Goods A. Maori Tonga:1. Vehicle for the spiritual force for these elements of Maori society2. Spiritual force is called the mana or hau3. Example: Exchange between three people A gives to B, B gives to C,C returns to B,B must return to AB. Illuminates two important social systems1. Legal System- object given and received creates social contract through which legal systems develops2. The system of obligation- obligation to give and receive, which we will talk about at greater length in a bitC. Total Services1. Object maintains part of person’s soul and, therefore, to not engage in reciprocal exchange would against dangerous because it would be against law and morality but also because exert a magical influence over person2. Compulsory nature of exchange- three obligationsa. Obligation to giveb. Obligation to receivec. Obligation to