Social Psychology cont d April 7 2014 Conformity obedience Bad Aggression Genocide Drug use Good Social harmony Prosocial acts Group behavior Decision making Performance Behaviors Group decision making Other ways our behavior changes in the presence of others Group polarization when people of similar view form a group together Discussion within group makes views even more extreme Groupthink groups trying to solve problems will accept one another s information ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis Group performance Social facilitation individual performance is intensified when others are observing Experts do even better novices do worse Social loafing tendency of people in a group to show less effort when not held individually responsible e g group projects Group behavior Deindividuation loss of self awareness self restraint in group situations with anonymity or high arousal Social relations In groups out groups Psychological components of how people relate to each other In group any group you are a member of Out group any group you are not a member of In group bias we tend to favor think highly of our own group Hostile or negative attitude toward a group of people based solely on their membership in Prejudice that group Includes components that are Affective emotional Behavioral Cognitive Discrimination Unjustified behavior selectively applied to members of a group Stereotype Generalized belief about a group Applied to every member of a group Scapegoat theory Process of singling out one person or group for unmerited blame Hitler blamed Jews for economic crisis in Germany Blaming natural disasters on gays liberals atheists etc Other race effect Just world fallacy Attraction Seeing uniformity in the appearance of other groups May assume other similarities traits personality which leads to stereotypes Believing that justice generally happens People get the punishments benefits they deserve Rich privileged people earned it poor outcast people do not deserve better Mere exposure effect merely seeing someone s face name makes them more likeable More likely to develop attraction to someone you ve seen a lot Opposites might attract at first but it does not last Types of love Passionate love intense emotions passion filled Companionate love affection with greater stress on intimacy Helping others Prosocial behavior action can be intended to benefit another Can be done for own sake or to gain external internal reward Pure altruism action intended to benefit another No external internal reward to helper Why we help social norms Help because we have been taught to help Reciprocity norm expectation that people should help not hurt those who have helped them Social responsibility norm expectation that people should help those who are dependent upon them need help e g disabled children Emotional influences on helping Being in a positive mood Happy people are helping people More likely to help on a sunny day near a pleasant smell etc Helping prolongs our good mood makes us look on the bright side Why we help negative state relief model Witnessing someone in need of help is distressing Motivated by desire to reduce your own uncomfortable negative emotions Who helps gender considerations Women are more likely to Help in relational ways Be long term caretakers Be involved with religious organizations Give money to religious organizations Hold liberal political views Men are more likely to Help in heroic ways Contribute money to a campaign organization in general Contact an elected official Have membership in political organization Gender roles Women traditionally put in private sphere men put in public sphere Who gets helped Attractiveness of person in need Physically attractive people more likely to be helped Friendly people more likely to be helped Charisma of one person can determine how much help other people receive Magic Johnson effect More likely to help those who are similar to us age gender etc Who does not get helped Stigmatized groups addicts homeless LGBTQ HIV AIDS etc Attribution of responsibility Beliefs about needy person s responsibility influences helping AIDS from blood transfusion vs sexual behavior When we are by ourselves when help is needed We trust our instincts that there is a problem We know we are the only ones who can help Bystander effect Step 1 notice the problem Less likely in large crowd with distractions when in a rush Step 2 Interpret the event as an emergency decide if help is needed Pluralistic ignorance belief that if others are not doing anything probably nothing Diffusion of responsibility we feel less compelled because we feel less responsible needs to be done Step 3 take responsibility Step 4 decide how to help Lack of competence Step 5 Provide help Audience inhibition Costs exceed rewards Undoing bystander effect Define situation as an emergency I need help it s an emergency Prevent diffusion of responsibility pick out particular bystander You need to help me Prevent lack of competence state what type of help is needed Call an ambulance
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