Psychology Test 1 prologue ch 1 ch 4 ch 2 ch 3 part AL dead poets society Biological psych dizzy ANS Cognitive internal psych Uncle Walt Social psych teacher student interaction student response Behavioral psych shaping Clinical psych anxiety vs anxiety disorder PROLOGUE Questions pg 1 Psychology science of behavior and mental processes pg 6 including different levels of consciousness biological thought social and cultural influences long past but only a short history Ebbinghaus Wilhelm Wundt o Leipzig Germany First psych lab 1879 o Father of modern psych o testing rxn time and introspection structuralism rxn to comprehending awareness Roots in philosophy nature vs nurture John Locke 1632 1704 o Born tabula rasa blank slate Aristotle 384 322 BC o children are travelers newly arrived in a strange country of which they know nothing Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712 1778 o Nature theorist Plato 428 348 BC o Noble savages relative state of purity progress paradox fortunate may in truth be lacking in other aspects and those struggling may silently hold more Wild Boy of Aveyron Hippocrates 460 370 BC o father of medicine o Mental illness and bodily fluids chemical imbalances cause illnesses Franz Gall 1758 1828 o Phrenology and mental processes o Historical humility regretful of habits once we understand consequences in hindsight Pierre Paul Broca 1824 1880 o Localization of speech in the brain Edward Titchener 1867 1927 o Introspection and sensory experience o Psychology science of the mind o Structuralism breaking down consciousness into basic elements sensation image feeling understand parts to comprehend the fxn and processes of the brain anatomy William James 1842 1910 o father of American psychology o Functionalism assessing the adaptive function of conscious processes understanding the brain as a whole the parts don t add up to the whole physiology of brain CASE STUDY aggressive behavior o AD HD impulsive no inhibitions o DSM II 1968 hyperactive reaction AL Historical lenses o Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 o Heavy emphasis on childhood experiences and intrapsychic conflicts nature and childhood relationships occurrences caused many later behaviors etc o Iceberg metaphor and free association consciousness is only balanced and held by enormous amounts of unattainable inexplicable unconsciousness Behavioral theory o All behavior represents learned responses to particular environmental stimuli o Psychology exists to predict and control behavior not describe and explain conscious o Little Albert conditioning RE white fuzzy mice could control behavior given 12 John Watson 1878 1958 states behaviorist manifesto children begin shaping behavior B F Skinner 1904 1990 o Studied the reactions to behavior contingences of reinforcement how society and acceptance judgment can shape what people understand as okay not okay bully is stood up to by many he rethinks products of responsiveness Genetic and biological theories o Quantifying genetic and environmental contributions AND pinpointing biological correlates of psychological phenomena Behavioral genetics twin studies lenient toward medical model Doesn t necessarily give rise to any pertinent treatment more obvious causes Cognitive and cognitive behavioral o Observable behavior influenced by environmental contingencies and mental processes TBF pyramid internal and external influence and influenced by each other Body and mind as a whole o Automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions Broad topics of psychology o Current perspectives lenses pg 9 i e psycho dynamic analytic o Diversity of subfields and topics of interest appendix A CHAPTER 1 PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Basic issues how we develop research ideas Selecting research design how we test ideas Statistics and significance how we interpret AL facilitated communication Nature of treatment o Alternative communication methods o Trained assistants or facilitators o Unlocking communicative potential Experimental investigation o Double blind exposure to picture stimuli o Independent variable same different pictures o Dependent variable word typed Curiosity skepticism and humility pg 21 Basic issues theories What is a theory and why are theories important Orderly integrated wet of statements that describes explains and predicts o Accounts for existing data o Testable or falsifiable o Predictive of new behavior o Driving force behind research o Parsimony and logical consistency What is your question Determining causality faults 3rd variables measures definition of test when asking causality question use experiment when asking correlation question use data showing relatedness o Change in one variable associated with change in another o Temporal association which comes first o Control of third confounding variables duration exposure history randomization Selection of measures o Basic psychometric principles validity reliability are not coupled Reliability consistency Validity measure what intend Research design NOT JUST descriptive correlational experimental Umbrella distinctions o Quantitative vs qualitative o Correlational vs experimental o Cross sectional vs longitudinal CS fast but different perspective culture see cohort effects L one group so low variability but attrition Ves representation due to smaller population to enable continuity o Laboratory vs naturalistic observations Lab control is high Nat external but ecological validity but low control Correlational design r o Low manipulation low control o Strength efficiency and low ethical concerns o Weakness low control no cause effect o Correlation coefficient pg 29 30 o Manipulation of independent variable s o Random assignment o Strength cause effect o Weakness artificially experimental effects Experimental design external ecological validity useful measures AL designing your own study considering strengths and weaknesses of each design Specific designs just sampling o Survey method handing out forms pg 28 29 limited by truthfulness Stats and significance Central tendency o Mean median mode normal distribution same value for all three o Impact of skew outliers o Bell curves and variability Significance of findings o The example of a treatment effect P 05 and statistical significance Sample size and clinical practical sign CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGY Genetic foundations Behavioral genetics Neuron nervous system Brain structures Genetic foundations Genotype vs phenotype protein synthesis not physical appearance Genetic code 23 chomosome pairs
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