Jaymie Ticknor Psychology Major and Statistics Minor Developmental Psychology 3620 Study Guide for Final Exam Chapter 11 Development of Self Self of Preschoolers Sense of self is very concrete what they do have or look like Simple descriptors good bad mean nice no middle ground Initiative vs guilt use imagination to do activities make fun of kids imagination fantasy play would cause a guilty feeling Self what I can do 5 or 6 year old preschoolers overestimate their abilities using wishes and dreams I can do it because I can think of it or because I want to do it Women s self esteem tends to drop significantly and cannot reach early self esteem in elderly ages only can reach halfway Men s self esteem drops too but are able to reach early self esteem in elderly ages Self of Elementary School Children Social comparison compare themselves with other kids in school Social groups More realistic Industry vs inferiority Realize cultural influences and differences and self Ethnic identity Biologically based example boys generally more energized Two Kinds of Cultures express emotion 1 Individualistic Culture value individualism see self as a unique individual 2 Collectivistic Culture emphasize interdependence see self through a group of people responsibility and obligation fulfillment restrain emotion regarded as maturity and wisdom Ratio of personal to social statements in self descriptions for Two Cultures Euro American tend to have a higher ratio of personal statements because of individualism compared to Chinese who have more social statements instead of personal because of collectivism Chinese Immigrant American have a higher ratio of personal statements compared to Chinese but lower than Euro American Self Esteem SE Preschoolers highest SE Social comparison more realistic SE school age children Too many changes decline in SE for adolescents Boys have slightly higher SE than girls because of social involvement SE rebound in late teens and increases throughout adulthood until around 60s Achievement creates self esteem not the other way around Ethnic Identity The attitudes and feelings toward the ethnic group you belong to beliefs on how your ethnic group is perceived Early childhood indifferent don t care Begin in elementary school 5 or 6 years old Two Types of Identity 1 Positive Ethnic Identity high self esteem school achievement positive peer 2 Negative Ethnic Identity low self esteem low school achievement negative and family relationships peer and family relationships Two Types of Behaviors 1 Externalizing behaviors child adolescent acting out on the environment such as 2 Internalizing behavior negative behaviors that are directed inward at oneself aggressive or destructive behavior creating anxiety or depression a Asian American young adult women in college have highest depression rate and internalizing behavior problems Stages of Ethnic Identity Development Phinney s Unexamined Ethnic Identity Diffusion past is just there no reason to worry am American now Foreclosure not looking for culture just go with what parents say Two Types of Identity Searching 1 Ethnic Identity Search question around guidance from adults 2 Achieved Ethnic Search accept who they are Change in Identity Multidimensional Identity Achievement Many different domains e g personal career gender ethnicity religion etc People are likely to change at least some aspects of their identity throughout adult Life stages and significant life events losses can affect this Marcia s Four Identity Statuses Crisis exploration and actions Commitment 1 Identity Diffusion low exploration and low commitment don t know who they 2 Moratorium high exploration and low commitment searching but not achieved life are yet 3 Foreclosure low exploration and high commitment go with what parents say 4 Identity Achievement high exploration and high commitment found identity Race is biologically based ethnicity is psychologically and socially based Moral Development The sense of right and wrong internal subjective can lead to guilt not external Self interest self serving what is good for others and everyone Children learn basic right and wrong by age 6 Learn from external standard moral knowledge Four Moral Stages Piaget s 1 Pre moral before age of 4 2 Heteronomous Morality 4 7 subject to external controls obedience to authority avoid punishment a Undifferentiating between Intentional and Accidental b Immanent Justice punished by higher power 3 Incipient Cooperation 7 10 morality of cooperation justice established between peers fairness exchange favor between friends 4 Autonomous Morality 10 and older rules are made by people to maintain interactions Three Moral Development Stages Kohlberg s 1 Preconventional heteronomous morality obeying word of authorities and fear of punishment Individualism account a fairness everyone s self interest must be taken into 2 Conventional mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity being good to those around you in accordance with their expectations including caring loyalty and gratitude a Social system and conscience considering the good of society as a whole maintaining order for the good of all 3 Postconventional social contract and individual rights understanding that the rules of society may differ for different groups and that some values such as life and liberty are universal a Universal ethical principles following self chosen principles involving equal rights even when they conflict with society s rules Conscience Empathy and Justice Moral judgment the reason of our decisions Conscience guilty feelings following a bad behavior and the ability to do the right thing even when no one else is around doing it Empathy understanding experiencing what someone is feeling or going through Sympathy agreement in feeling Moral thought moral action and justice Milgram experiment obedience Men with high SES and higher education were more likely to go all the way to 450 volts in the Milgram obedience experiment Chapter 12 Social Development Social Relationship Social world complex figure out and just know not so much told Social development social skills Fundamental needs psychologically need human interaction and belongingness interpersonal psychotherapy treat depression Sociability preference of social network you want to have Extroverted outgoing seek to be in a crowd Introverted shy not talk much not like crowd prefer small group of people able to develop social skills may not like it Social cognition