Jaymie TicknorDevelopmental Psychology 3620 Sect. 85322 and 25 November 2013Lecture #33GRDSD Chapter PowerpointSexual Orientation: terminology: LGBTQIA; estimates of the prevalence of homosexuality are inthe 5%-8% range; only 30%-40% of sexual minorities come out; process of “coming out”Stigma associated with LGBT; accepting one’s own sexual orientation; exploring one’s sexual orientation may continue to bring changes; may hide true self; born with tendencyMore testosterone in hypothalamus, more likely to be heterosexual (attracted to women); deactivation of a gene caused by epigenome may cause release of hormones; gender non-conformity for kids; on average, gay people talk and move differently and may run in families and may not be completely genetic (identical twins); might be hormones; the more older brothers a man has, the greater likely the man will be gay; body remembers having boys in the womb; affect more with right-handed peopleLecture #34Chapter #12 PowerpointSocial Relationship: social world (complex; figure out and just know, not so much told) and social development (social skills); fundamental needs (psychologically need human interaction and belongingness; interpersonal psychotherapy = treat depression); sociability (preference of social network you want to have; extroverted (outgoing, seek to be in a crowd) and introverted (shy, not talk much, not like crowd, prefer small group of people; able to develop social skills, may not like it)); social cognition (understand social rules and norms)Social Cognition: theory of mind: self and others act on the basis of our own mental states, e.g., beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions; ability to theorize other people’s minds; think everyone knows what someone else knows or thinks they know; 3-5 years old begin to develop thisEcocentrism: not understand different perspectives, not developed theory of mind yet until 2-3 years oldMindblindness: cannot separate thinking from expressing until a little olderFalse belief: understanding that others do/may not know what you know; separate from othersFalse belief paradigm: test to see if kids are able to separate themselves from othersDevelopment of Theory of Mind: initial development b/w 3-5 years oldFacilitating factors: parents discuss emotions instead of basic concepts like colors or shapes; Inductive Discipline: pointing to how others feel; around middle childhood: understand two people might interpret the same event differently; in adolescence Recursive Thinking develops: 10-12 years old; I am thinking about what you are thinking about what I am thinking; choose whether to please people or surprise peopleIf developed earlier, recognized as leader, more empathizing towards othersEffects of Theory of Mind: usually cooperative interactions; Hostile Attributional Bias: not empathize towards othersNo cultural differences have been confirmed in development of theory of mindToddlers and Preschoolers: Toddlers: mutual imitation (repeat actions; short attention span); attracted to human face and anything new; language development → pretend play beginsConflicts over possessions → sense of self; reciprocal interactions between peersPreschoolers: about 2.5-5 years old (critical for social development and imagination); stimulatescognitive development (preoperational stage); exercise creativity; friendship formation based on mutually enjoyed activities; fantasy play at more sophisticated levels among peers → expression of emotions and social role through pretend play (play therapy: effective mode for preschoolers)Motor movement (pushing); characters on TV (imitation); familiar home activities
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