Jaymie TicknorDevelopmental Psychology 3620 Sect. 8539 September 2013Lecture #4Chapter #2 PowerpointOperant Conditioning:B.F. Skinner:Operant Conditioning: voluntary response is strengthened by its association with positive consequencesReinforcement: a stimulus that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeatedNegative Reinforcement: removal of a stimulus increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeatedSchedule: always, fixed Interval, varied schedulePunishment: negative consequence reduces the likelihood of a behavior happening againExtinction: ignoring a behavior makes it stopSocial Cognitive Theory:Albert Bandura: learning through observation and imitation (modeling: mimic adult’s behavior)Differs from behaviorism in looking at inner mental processes4 components: attention, memory, motoric ability, motivationSelf-efficacy: experience, vicarious success (watch peers, if they can do it, then I can do it too), persuasion (support from significant other), perception to body reaction (self-talk, kind of like self-fulfill prophesy) (confidence in self to do something well and right) (depends on age of children which one works the best; kind of in order of age: as they get older, go through these four self-efficacy situations; teenagers and adults: personal past experiences most powerful)Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory:Individuals grow and develop within a nested set of influences:Microsystem: family, school, health services, peers, church group, neighborhood play areaMesosystem: interaction that occurs between those who are in the microsystemExosystem: extended family, friends of family, mass media, social welfare services, neighbors, legal servicesMacrosystem: attitudes and ideologies of the culture or societyChronosystem: society as a whole with things that happen for a long
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