Developmental Psych Section 1; Before Exam 1Observational LearningAlbert Bandura- believes we are superior to animals because learning can occur justby observing how others handle a situation.-Imitation (modeling)4 conditions required to make observational learning happen:-Attention: if you can’t pay attention or have cognitive impairment that would interfere with your attention, the process will be shaky-Memory-Motoric ability: practice-Motivation: some are learning better/more actively engaged. More wiling to devotetime/energy. Applied Psych: how can we use research findings, psych knowledge, to enhance human behavior/life. Including clinical, counseling, school psychologists. To help remediate problems or get in touch with potential. After 3 decades of research, Bandura’s theory leads to a new direction in applied psychology. Self-efficacy: different from self esteem. Your belief that you are able to do something/handle a particular task before you even begin doing it. Based on previous experiences. PiagetSchemas-cognitive framework that places concepts into categories & association; how we organize the world in our minds. Start from beginning- even as infants, we start with basic reflex schema. If you put things close to an infants lips, they begin to suck; the sucking schema. Rooting schema; when you touch a baby on their cheek, they turn their head to that side and try to face the source that provides stimulation.Piaget believed it is a very important fundamental ability that supports our learning later in life. If you go into a room full of people who speak a different language than you and you are the only one who is not able to communicate with them you will be very nervous; your schemas are not capable of handling this situationAssimilation-fit/modify new info based on what we already knowAccommodation-changing/creating schemas to fit new infoEquilibration -Development is driven by the equilibration process-Equilibrium state b/w cog structure and environment-balance b/w assimilation and accommodationVygotsky’s sociocultural Theory-All learning is social-Importance of social/cultural interactions in promoting cognitive growth-Zone of proximal development (ZPD): the distance between the child’s independentabilities and what the child can do with a little help-Scaffolding: adults help the “construction” of the child’s understanding by providing guidance and support at the ZPD.Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory-Individuals grown and develop within a nest set of influences:-Microsystem: family, classmates, neighbors, churchmembers. Those who have regular interactions with target person, daily or weekly-Mesosystem: Interaction/connectiveness among individuals in the microsystem. Example: I go to visit child’s teacher. Her teacher is in child’s microsystem, as am I. Once teacher and I talk, we exchange information, integrate, develop relationship. -Exosystem- Those who do not have direct contact with target person, but do have direct impact on those in target person’s microsystem. Samantha’s dad has 34 colleagues. They do not have direct interaction with Samantha. But they do affect her dad’s position/money/mood, and affect him emotionally and cognitively; he in turn brings home negative or positive reactions. So they indirectly have an impact on Samantha. -Macrosystem- The society, the community. Conceptual unit. Things happen in society that will inevitably have an impact on target person. Arizona passes law that anyone can be checked for ID, etc, to find illegal immigrants. Cannot check minors, but immediately there was a large rise in absent rates among non-white children as their parents did not want to drive their children to school at the risk of being pulled over and checked. -Chronosystem- Change over time. when you expand scale and look at nowaday family structure compared to 30 years ago, 50 years ago. Increase in single-parent household, decrease in time after birth for moms to go back to work, etc.Developing RQ and HypothesisResearch Questions; open or close ended.Hypothesis: a prediction, often based upon theoretical ideas or observations, that is tested by the scientific method-directional hypothesis: method A is more effective than method B-Non-directional hypothesis: there will be a sig. difference between method Aand method BOperationalizing ConceptsOperationalization: defining a concept in a way that allows it to be measuredIndependent variable: conceptually is the cause. You manipulate the independent variableDependent variable: conceptually, the result. Manipulation of the independent v causes the dependent v to changeHow does body image affect self-esteem among college women?Do private school students score better on standardized tests than public school students?Which is the more effective method for teaching kids to learn to read: the whole-language approach or phonics?Sampling and Representative SamplesA population: those we are interested in studying or learning more aboutA sample: a group selected from the population; representative sampleSampling methods:-Random Sampling: -Simple Random Sample: every person in population has an equal chance of being selected.-Stratified Random Sample: 60% of sample is female, 40% is male and you want 1000 people in sample. Want 600 females and 400 male. SO, predetermined ratios. -Cluster Random Sample: Instead of focusing on individuals, focus on units orgroups. Ex; interested in researching elementary school student’s relationship between socio-economic status and school performance. Instead of performing SRS of every elem. School student in Texas, randomly select a number of schools and survey every student in those schools. -Non-Random Sampling: -Systematic Sampling: ex; I only come to campus Thursday and Friday. Going to run a study focused on those students who take classes on Thursday or Friday. But not every student on campus gets equal chance of being selected. -Purposive Sampling: choose who you want to invite to be selected. Will send a research group to survey students reactions, so they want to talk to student associations or student governments or certain departments. Justified-Convenient Sampling: because of realistic constraints, may only have access to a certain group of people and focus on them.Research Design-Random Assignments of participants-Experimental vs. Control-“treatment” or not-The “treatment” is the independent variable (manipulation of treatment)