INR 2002 Notes Feb 10 14 Feb 10 Does economics rather than democracy cause peace Golden Arches theory of conflict prevention McDonalds don t go to war with o Not true that the more developed a country is the less likely it is to go each other Economic development and peace to war Interest similarity Other criticisms of Democratic Peace Is it due to chance Democracies are too far away to fight India Pakistan case o Both went to war with democratically elected Gov however there is controversy surrounding this president wasn t aware war was established Will an entirely democratic world be peaceful Two democracies least war Two non democracies next most war One democracy and one non democracy most war o As you increase the amount of democracies in the world we initially see an increase in conflict but it then declines Will an entirely democratic world be peaceful Some support for increasing global democracy and decreasing war But we cannot say how much conflict there will be between non democracies even if the world is 90 democratic Chapter 5 International Institutions and War Anarchy creates variation in international responses to aggression because there are no global police How do different international institutions respond to violence o Alliances NATO o Collective Security Organizations UN Alliances Why Promise to Fight Someone else s war Alliances institutions that help countries cooperate militarily in the event of a war Can either be defensive or offensive Types of Alliances Ententes consultation agreements Nonaggression pacts if you get attacked I will not join your attacked Defense pacts If you re attacked I got your back Offense Pacts lets go attack another country Alliances and Alignments cooperate Alliances form when states have common interests that motivate them to In World War II Britain and France agreed to defend Poland because they believed it was crucial to their own interests Alliance Behavior Sometimes alliances form to maintain the balance of power Balancing vs Bandwagoning join the country with the most power Chainganging alliances work like a chain when one country goes to war it drags others in ex WW1 vs Buckpassing When your ally is attacked you run the opposite direction and don t defend Bargaining Between Two States Affects the Bargaining model when other countries are involved What do defensive alliances do Augment the power of member states deterring challenges Increase the costs of war expanding the bargaining range However they can also create problems of incomplete information Feb 12 Do Alliances prevent or promote war On one hand alliances deter challengers On the other hand alliances increase the problem of incomplete information Allies have private information about willingness to defend each other o Signaling credibility of alliances making alliances public Alliances and Incomplete Information To make alliances credible an ally must demonstrate its commitment o Costly signals and tying hands But this can create a moral hazard engaging in risky behavior because you have some type of insurance which can lead to war Germany s blank check to Austria Hungary Collective Security Organizations Differ from alliances All for one one for all Form under the common interest of preventing aggression in any form Collective Security League of Nations 1919 First global collective security organization International community determines when there is a threat to peace and U S did not join mostly because they are still very isolated from other countries Countries left when they wanted to pursue aggression security Problems with League of Nations Needed unanimous agreement The Dilemmas of Collective Security Collective Action problems Joint decision making problems United Nations Formed after WWII Global collective security agreement to replace League of Nation Structure of the UN General Assembly One State One vote Universal membership Mainly passes nonbinding resolutions Sets UN budget Structure of the UN Security Council 5 permanent members 10 non permanent members o Russia Great Britain United States China France permanent members Only countries in the world able to have nuclear weapons They have absolute veto power Resolutions need 9 of 15 votes to pass Collective security and the UN Prohibit aggression but allow self defense Security Council determines existence of threat to world peace May authorize economic or military sanctions Economic sanctions as collective security Security Council can punish aggressive regimes economically Rarely used sanctions during the Cold War More frequently uses sanctions post Cold War ex Iraq in the 1990s Military operations as collective security The Security Council authorizes two different kinds of military operations o Peace Enforcement Korean War Gulf War Cold War paralysis o Peacekeeping Feb 14 Peacekeeping Not mentioned in UN Charter Partial solution to Cold War inaction by Security Council First UN peacekeeping example between Egypt and Israel UN Peacekeeping Suez Canal Crisis 1956 Suez canal built by Britain and France in 1800s used for trade In 1956 Egypt nationalized the canal Britain and France get Israel to attack Egypt UN inserts peacekeeping force between Israel and Egypt authorized by the GA British and French accept cease fire However Nassar expels peacekeepers in 1967 UN Peacekeeping No identified aggressor Must be invited Peacekeeping Functions Separate combatants neutral buffer although they are unarmed Observe and monitor cease fires Distribute humanitarian aid Today they are asked to do much more too much Challenges to Peacekeeping Traditional peacekeeping may not be suited to civil conflicts hard for peacekeepers to separate war sides when they cannot tell who is who Hotel Rwanda example Failures in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda a number of civilians were killed Success in El Salvador Is Peacekeeping effective Effective at upholding cease fires Effective at preventing violence This could however be counter productive to upholding long term peace o Some would argue the best way to confront a conflict is for the two countries to go to war and fight it out to resolve conflict Therefore less effective at providing conditions for permanent peace agreements o North and South Korea are they at war Peacekeeping vs Peace enforcement UN operations becoming more complicated over time Line is blurring between peacekeeping and peace enforcement Leads to the question Should the international community intervene in
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