Exam 3 Study Guide Room A101 of Life Sciences Building Annex Oct 29th from 7 8 30pm Chapter 8 Understand the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways build molecules Catabolic pathways break molecules down Understand the first 2 laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to energy exchange 1 energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transferred and transformed 2 with every transfer of energy some energy escapes as heat Know the Free Energy equation and be able to calculate G deltaG deltaH TdeltaS deltaG change in free energy energy available to do work Gp Gr deltaH enthalpy total energy deltaS change in entropy TdeltaS energy not available to do work Know the characteristics of endergonic and exergonic reactions Endergonic non spontaneous energetically uphill products have more energy than reactants positive deltaG Exergonic spontaneous energetically downhill reactants have more energy than the products negative deltaG Understand how ATP hydrolysis provides energy for endergonic reactions ATP H2O ADP Pi This is an extremely exergonic reaction Releases 7 3 kcal mol This energy has to go somewhere so it s used to power reactions that require energy Understand how enzymes catalyze chemical reactions Lower the activation energy Don t affect the free energy of the reactants or the products Understand the different types of enzyme inhibitors and how they work Competitive compete with the substrate and actually bind to the active site of an enzyme Allosteric non competitive bind to a site on the enzyme separate from the active site Causes a change in the shape of the active site preventing the substrate from binding Chapter 9 Understand what happens during redox reactions Oxidation Reduction reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another It s called reduction because electrons are negative and the total charge of an atom that receives an electron gets reduced Oxidized the atom that loses the electron Reduced the atom that receives the electron Na e Cl Na Cl e Na oxidized Cl reduced Na reducing agent Cl oxidizing agent Be able to define oxidizing and reducing agents Oxidizing agent will receive an electron and allow another atom to be oxidized Reducing agent will donate an electron and allow another atom to be reduced Understand what happens during fermentation and why our cells perform this reaction There is NOT enough oxygen to perform cellular respiration So the products from glycolysis 2 pyruvates get reduced to regenerate NAD which is needed for glycolysis This allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen Understand what happens during glycolysis the bridge reaction Kreb s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation including the inputs outputs location and O2 requirements Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm no O2 required Input glucose Output 2 pyruvates 2 NADH and 2 net ATP s Energy investment phase 2 ATP s are used to phosphorylate glycolysis intermediates Energy harvest phase glucose gets split producing 4 ATP s Bridge reaction happens in the mitochondrial matrix O2 required Input 2 pyruvates Output 2 acetyl coA s 2 NADH Kerb s Cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix O2 required 2 turns are needed to completely breakdown one glucose molecule Input 2 acetyl coA s Output 4 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP s Electron Transport Chain Oxidative Phosphorylation happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane O2 required Input electrons from NADH and FADH2 Output ATP and H2O Understand chemiosmosis and what occurs during this process Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are donated to the electron transport chain Electrons get transferred to increasingly EN molecules Each transfer releases energy This energy is used to actively transport protons H from the matrix to the inter membrane space This builds a proton gradient Protons will naturally diffuse down their concentration gradient back into the matrix activating the enzyme ATP synthase in the process This allows for ATP to be produced At the end of the ETC the electrons are transferred to oxygen creating water Chapter 10 Have a general understanding of the goal of photosynthesis and what happens during this process This is a redox reaction that requires CO2 H2O and sunlight Electrons are getting transferred from a more EN molecule water to a less EN molecule CO2 This requires energy which comes from sunlight This produced sugar glucose and Oxygen Understand what happens during the Light dependent reaction including each individual photosystem and electron transport chain Know why water gets split during this reaction Understand the inputs outputs location and time that this reaction occurs Occurs in the thylakoid membrane because this is where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight Only happens in the daytime There are two photosystems I and II Each photosystem has its own ETC PSII generates ATP through chemiosmosis PSI generates NADPH which carries electrons needed for the Calvin Cycle Chemiosmosis protons get pumped inside the thylakoid building a proton gradient Protons will naturally diffuse out of the thylakoid and into the stroma activating ATP synthase in the process and producing ATP Electrons from PSII end up in PSI Electrons from PSI end up in NADPH So water has to be split to resupply electrons to PSII so the cycle can continue Otherwise PSII would eventually run out of electrons Understand the relationship between wavelength and energy level for different colors of visible light The shorter the wavelength the higher the energy Understand what happens during each stage of the Calvin cycle including what NADPH and ATP are used for Know the inputs outputs location and time that the Calvin Cycle occurs Light independent reaction happens in the stroma and happens 24 7 1 Carbon fixation where CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed and added to RuBP a 5 carbon molecule Carbon is the building material for glucose like wood for a house When Carbon gets added to RuBP it produces an intermediate called PGA 2 PGA gets converted to G3P another intermediate This step requires energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH 3 Glucose gets produced using two G3P molecules G3P is a 3 carbon molecule The remaining G3P molecules get recombined to produce RuBP which is essential for step 1 so the Calvin Cycle can continue ADP and NADP return to the thylakoid to be converted to ATP and NADPH when the sun comes out again Glucose makes its way to the cytoplasm then enters the mitochondria to get oxidized into
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