History of ContraceptionSeas Sponges Soaked in vinegar or lemon juice to create spermicideFumigation Kettle Used in IndiaFilled with herbs to create medical stem that women would squat over after sexIntrauterine device (IUD) ArabsStick pebbles in uterus’ of camelsPessary Wooden block put in vaginaBest kind of birth control is the one you will useReliably and consistentlyContraceptive EffectivenessTheoretical Effectiveness Always higher; effectiveness after being tested in a labActual Effectiveness Always lower; effectiveness in real lifePsychology of Risk-Taking BehaviorLuck Reinforcement “I didn’t get pregnant before and I won’t because I’m lucky”Risk-Benefit Ratio Emotional; casino chancesA woman can get pregnant for 36 years of her lifeContraceptive OptionsBarrier Method Made out of a material such as latex to prevent sperm from reaching the eggHormonal Women onlyNon-Prescription Methods Methods that can be obtained in a storeDon’t need to get an examLess expensiveNo hormonal side effectsMale CondomAdvantagesDisadvantagesWhat is it?How do you use it?Made out of latex or polyurethaneLubricated or notTextures, flavors, colorsKeep in cold, dry placesCheck expiration date86-89% effectiveHelps protect against STDsMay help intercourse last longerRequires water-based lubricantCan be messyBarrierUnroll on penis, leaving room at the top to catch ejaculationFemale Condom Soft polyurethane tube with two ringsFits inside vagina and covers part of the outer lips85% effectiveAdvantageDisadvantagesWhat is it?How do you use it?Helps protect against STDsCannot be used with a male condomBarrierInserted by pushing the closed-ended ring against the cervixSpermicideDisadvantagesWhat is it?How do you use it?A chemical designed to kill spermCream, jelly, foam, film, or suppository80% effective aloneMust reapply with each sex actMay require a waiting periodUsed with barrier methodsPut on dental dam or condomDental DamAdvantagesDisadvantagesWhat is it?How do you use it?Thin Latex or polyurethane sheet used for anal sexHelps prevent STDsCannot be used for intercourseBarrierPlace over area of entrancePrescription Methods Must be prescribedNo protection against STDsDiaphragmDisadvantagesWhat is it?How do you use it?Must be used with spermicideOnce in vagina, forms barrier between sperm and eggsCan be placed in 6 hours before and must be kept in 6 hours afterBarrierInsert into vagina over the cervixOral Contraceptives “The Pill”DisadvantagesWhat is it?Daily pill taken in a 4 week cyclePrevents release of eggNo protection against STDsHormonalNuvaringWhat is it?How do you use it?Worm for 3 weeksContains estrogen and progesteroneMuch like the pillReleases hormones in bloodstreamHormonalSmall plastic ring that first in vagina nextto cervixBirth Control PatchesWhat is it?Thin patch worm in 4 week cyclesWorn similar to birth control pillHormonalDepo-ProveraWhat is it?Artificial hormone given as a shot once every 3 monthsWorks similar to birth control pillHormonalImplanon “The Implant”What is it?Rod that goes inside armsWorks for 3 yearsHormonalIUDWhat is it?AdvantagesSmall plastic device placed inside uterusWorks for 5 yearsVery effectiveHormonalCan be left in place for 5-10 yearsEmergency Contraception Prevents pregnancy by preventing ovulation, fertilization and implantationHave up to 5 days after sex to use itDon’t need a prescriptionWill not terminate pregnancy that has already been implantedAbstinence Choosing not to have sexAmount of married couples that complain of recurring sexual difficulty1/2Amount of sexually active college students1/3 Some conditions for good sex 1. feeling intimate with your partner2. feeling sexually capable3. feeling trust4. feeling aroused5. feeling physically and mentally alert6. feeling positive about the environment and the situationFantasy world vs Real World No challenges vs challengesCauses of Sexual Dysfunction 1. Physical (organic causes)2. Emotional (most likely3. Relational hostility or fear)Categorizing Sexual DysfunctionsPrimarySecondarySituationalGlobalPhysicalEmotional/relationCan have problem in one context and notin anotherHave problem in every situation. An attempt to “normalize” the problemSexual Desire DisordersHypoactive Sexual Desire Sexual problem characterized by a persistent and pervasive inhibition of sexual desire (Inhibited Sexual Desire)Sexual Aversion A phobic or irrational fear of sexual activity that leads to an avoidance of sexual situationsCauses of Hypoactive SD 1. rooted in anxieties2. depression3. anger and hostility towards partner4. stress5. traumatic relationship separation6. interpersonal conflict7. hormonal changes8. way of copingDesire Discrepancy When one wants more than the otherSexual Arousal DisordersMale Erectile Disorder Persistent difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection sufficient to allow the completion of sexual activityNonmedical erectile problems are due to:1. unrealistic expectations2. lack of arousal3. absence of proper conditions4. anxiety generated by the need for an erectionsViagra Creates the opportunity for an erectionInteracts with desire to create oneFemale Sexual Arousal Disorder Persistent difficulty becoming sexually excited or sufficiently lubricated in response to sexual stimulationsOrgasm DisordersInhibited Female Orgasm (Anorgasmia) Persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase during sexual activityPremature Ejaculation Reaching orgasm so rapidly as to significantly reduce enjoyment of the experience or to interfere with the partner’s gratificationSexual Pain DisordersDyspareunia Recurrent or persistent genital pain in either male or female before, during or after intercourseVaginismus Painful involuntary muscular spasms of the vagina when penetration is attemptedIndividual Difference Amount of sex a person desires in a certain amount of timeDifferent expectationsWomen want affectionMen want looks, body, attractivenessDifferent initial sexual interactionRelationship Conflict Must be able to talk about sex comfortably with partnerAddendum: Talking with your partnerabout sexual differences and problemsCommunication The exchange of information, thoughts, ideas or feelingsIntercourse The word means communicationMost people have little experience talking about sex in an intelligent and mature mannerHow to get comfortable talking about sex Discuss any sexuality-related topics in your daily newspaperWhat if people are