CFS 388 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. HIV/AIDSII. Sexually Transmitted DiseasesIII. Prevention of STDsOutline of Current LectureI. Sexual AssaultII. RapeIII. Sexual HarassmentIV. Sexual Abuse of ChildrenV. IncestCurrent LectureI. Sexual Assaulta. Most people think of stranger rape—forcible sexual penetration committed by someone not known by the victimb. However, many types of rape can occurc. Both men and women can be victims of sexual assault, and both can commit itd. Sexual assault = unwanted or non-consensual sexual contact that occurs as a result of force, threatened use of force, coercion, or when the person is unable toconsent or resistII. Rapea. Rape = nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration, obtained by force, by threat of bodily harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consentb. Many rapes go unreportedc. Nearly 1 in 5 women have been victims of rape or attempted rape throughout their lifetimesd. Women between 12 and 34 are most frequently victimizede. Women are more likely to report a rape if they are raped by a stranger; however, most rapes are committed by someone the victim knowsf. Types of Rape:i. Acquaintance and Date RapeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Acquaintance rape – rape committed by someone known to the victim2. Date rape = a type of acquaintance rape that is committed during a date or social encounter agreed to by the victim3. Victims are often confused or blame themselves for their date rape4. 26% of college men surveyed had made forceful attempts at intercourse while on a date that had caused the partner to fight, cry, or scream5. Only about 5% of acquaintance or date rapes are reported to the police6. Sexual coercion = the act of forcing another person into unwantedsexual activity by physical or verbal coercion (pressure, manipulation, use of drugs or alcohol)7. Men will slip Rohypnol or GHB (powerful tranquilizers) into women’s drinks to make them have sex8. Sometimes either party miscommunicates their intentions:a. Some men think a partner is willing when really she is attempting to resistb. Over 1/3 or college women surveyed had participated in token resistance (saying “no” when they meant “yes”)c. Compliance = agreeing to sexual intercourse when you do not really want toii. Marital Rape1. Marital rape = nonconsensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim’s spouse2. Very difficult to prosecute due to stringent state laws3. Three kinds of marital rape:a. Battering rape (a.k.a. anger rape) occurs in the context of domestic abuse and includes physical violence and control as well as rapeb. Force-only rape (a.k.a. power rape) does not involve severephysical violence but uses force or coercion to obtain sexc. Obsessive rape (a.k.a. sadistic rape) is much less common; motivated by a sadistic desire to sexually torment partner4. 10 to 14% of married women have been victimsiii. Gang Rape1. Gang rape = cases in which a victim is assaulted by multiple attackers2. Common in many parts of the world3. Many are committed on college campuses by fraternities4. Often have a dynamic where the rapists feel no personal responsibility due to the group situation5. Gang rapes tend to be violent and cause more injuryiv. Statutory Rape1. Statutory rape = sexual intercourse by an adult with a consenting partner who is not yet of the LEGAL age of consent2. Age of consent varies by state from 16 to 183. Many states also have Romeo & Juliet laws that protect teenagers who have consensual sex with each other (i.e., a 17 year old and a 15 year old who have sex are not committing a crime)4. Statutory rape laws also protect the mentally handicapped who cannot consent due to their IQ and social skill levelg. Same-Sex Rape and Coercioni. People widely believe that men cannot be raped, or that only gay men can be victims of/perpetrators of rapeii. Very few men report being rapediii. Men tend to be raped by meniv. Men are more likely to be assaulted by someone they knowv. However, male victims are more likely to have been raped during childhoodvi. Gay or bisexual men experience higher rates of sexual victimization (12% to 40% of gay/bisexual men report having been forced or coerced into unwanted sex)vii. In prisons, male rape is common; assailants in this environment are often heterosexualh. Can a Man be Raped by a Woman?i. Men can be forced in a variety of ways to have sex with a womanii. Women more often use verbal coercioni. Characteristics of Convicted Rapistsi. Most perpetrators are maleii. Rapists are often young men of lower socioeconomic statusiii. Most rapists also possess distorted attitudes about sex roles and female behavior, strong acceptance of rape myths and violence towards women, and denial of responsibility for their actionsj. Explanations of Rape1. Psychodynamic Theoriesa. Groth, Burgess, and Holmstrom proposed theory of three types of rapists:i. Power rapists: commit premeditated attacks to overcome personal feelings of insecurity and inadequacyii. Anger rapists: commit unplanned assaults in attempt to express hostility and anger about some wrong he feels has been done to himiii. Sadistic rapists: erotically aroused by physical force and derive pleasure from inflicting physical painb. Proposed fourth category of opportunistic rapists: rapists motivated by desire for sex who rape impulsivelyii. Feminist (Sexual Script) Theories1. Studies found that rape is most common in societies that glorify male violence, esp. when the society is sexually repressive2. When men are regarded as superior, rape is more common3. War rape = rape committed by soldiers, combatants, or civilians during times of war/conflicta. Used to destabilize, displace, and terrorize the targeted communityiii. Social-Cognitive Theories1. Propose that rapists have distorted offense-supportive schemas about what women believe and desire2. Tend to think of women as sexual objects who are deceptive3. Many rapists experience childhood abuse/witness abuse during childhood; thus, they come to view this behavior as “normal”iv. Evolutionary Theories1. These theories assume that the inclination to rape is part of evolved psychology2. Since ancestral men who had more sex had higher reproductive success, men are inclined to pursue sex sometimes aggressivelyv. Comprehensive Theories1. Probably