PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 11. SOCIAL SCIENCE IS THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF PEOPLE. PSYCHOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCCESSES.2. KEY PEOPLE: JOHN B. WATSON, IVAN PAVLOV, BF SKINNER. KEYTERMS: Learning, conditioning,rewards, punishment, reinforcement, stimuli, response, environment, observable behavior.3. KEY PEOPLE: SIGMUD FRUAD. KEY TERMS: Psychosexual stages, id, ego, superego, unconscious, childhood events, conflict, & instinct.4. KEY PEOPLE: JEAN PIAGET. KEY TERMS: thinking, knowing, perception, intelligence, understanding,memory, decision making, & judgment.5. KEY PEOPLE: CARL ROGERS & ABRAHAM MASLOW. KEY TERMS: self-actualization, free will, subjective experience, hierarchy of needs, and potential.6. WILHELM WUDNT.7. G. STANLEY HALL8. PSYCHOLOGIST: HAS A P.H.D, GRADUATED SCHOOL, DOES NOT PRESCRIBE MEDICATION, THEORITICAL ORITENATION. PSYCHIATRIST: HAS A M.D, MEDICAL SCHOOL, PRESCRIBES MEDITCATION, BIOLOGICAL ORITENATION.9. SCIENTIFIC METHOD: form of critical thinking based on careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement, precise definition, controlled observation, and repeatable results.1. OBSERVATION 2. HYPOTHESIS 3. TEST THE HYPOTHESIS 4. DRAW A CONCLUSION 5. PUBLISH10. CASE STUDY, SURVEY, NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION, CORRELATION, EXPERIMENT.11. Mean, median, & mode of a given set of numbersa. Mean – average (add all numbers and divide by the total number)b. Median – list numbers in order and find the middle numberc. Mode – the number that appears the mostCHAPTER 21. - NEURON2. FRONTAL LOBE, PARIETAL LOBE, TEMPORAL LOBE, OCCIPITAL LOBE.3. PITUITARY GLAD: “MASTER GLAND” IT IS THE SMALLEST BUT CONTROLS MANYOTHER GLANDS. THYROID GLAND: PRODUCES THYROXIN (REGULATES THE RATE OF METABOLISM IN THE BODY). ADRENAL GLAND: PRODUCES ADRENALINE, ASSIST IN MAINTAINING BLOOD PRESSURE (SECTRETS HORMONES)4. 2 main parts:Somatic – controls the sensory organs and voluntary movement of skeletal musclesAutonomic – controls the glands and muscles of internal organs•Sympathetic nervous system – “fighting;” increases heart rate, slows digestion, raises blood sugar, dilates arteries, & increases sweating.•Parasympathetic nervous system – “calm;” conserves energy, decreases heart rate, lowers blood sugar, constricts arteries, and decreases sweating.CHAPTER 31. NATURE- IS WHAT WE ARE BORN WITH. NURTURE- ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE 2. CHROMOSOMES: 23 CHROMOSOMES IN A SEX CELL AND 46 CHROMOSOMES IN A HUMAN. XX (FEMALE) XY (MALE), ONLY MALES CAN GIVE X OR Y3. ZYGOTE- ONCE THE SPERM AND EGG FUSE EMBRYO- AFTER TWO WEEKS OF BEING A ZYGOTE FETUS- AFTER NINE WEEKS OF BEING AN EMBRYO4. TERATOGENS: HARMFUL AGENTS THAT INFLUENCE THE FETUSCIGARETTES, ALCOHOL, & HARD DRUGS (CRACK)CHAPTER 51.STAGE 1: 10 MIN (THETA WAVES)- LIGHT SLEEP; SEE IMAGES OR FEEL THINGS LIKE HILLUCINATIONS STAGE 2: 20 MIN (SLEEP SPINDLES)- WHERE SLEEP OCCURS BUT EASLY AWAKENEDSTAGE 3: FEW MIN (DELTA)- EVEN DEEPER SLEEP; RELAXEDSTAGE 4: 30 MIN (DELTA)- DEEPER SLEEP; HARD TO WAKE UP; WHERE SLEEP TALKING OCCURS.2. INSOMNIA: DIFFICULTY GETTING TO OR STAYING ASLEEPSLEEP APENA: WHEN PEOPLE STOP BREATHING WHILE SLEEP FOR 20 SECS TO 2 MIN.NARCOLEPSY: PERIODIC, OVERWHELMING SLEEPINESSNIGHT TERRORS: OCCURES IN STAGE 4; PERSON SITS UP, WALKS AROUND, TALKS IN THEIR SLEEP.3. BE ABLE TO MATCH DRUGS DISSCUSED IN CLASS WITH THEIR CLASSIFICATION.CHAPTER 61. 1. Know about the process of Classical Conditioninga. Before Conditioning: UCR – UCR & CS - Nothingb. During Conditioning: UCR & CS – UCRc. After Conditioning: CS – CR2. SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY: reappearance of a weakened CR (salivation) after a rest pause when CS (bell) is sounded again. EXTINCTION: when CS (bell) no longer signals impending UCS (bell).3. CLASSICAL: IVAN PAVLOV & OPERANT: BF SKINNERCHAPTER 71. STAGES OF MEMORY:SENSORY- HOLDS AN EXACT COPY OF WHAT YOU SENSE FOR A FEW SECONDS- ICONIC- INFORAMTION YOU SEE (REMEMBER: “I” -EYE SEE)- ECHOIC- INFORMATINO YOU HEAR (REMEMBER: YOU HEAR AN ECO)SHORT TERM- WORKING MEMORY WHERE INFORMATION MUST BE KEPT ACTIVE OR SENT TO LONG TERM STORAGE.- INFORMATION IS HELD IN SHORT TERM MEMORY BY A PROCESS OF MAINTENANCE REHERSAL.- INFORMATION IS STORED FOR 30 SECS OR LESS.LONG TERM MEMORY- STORAGE OF VAST AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION FOR A LONG TIME.- TWO TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY: EXPLICIT MEMORY (DECLARATIVE) & IMPLICIT MEMORY (NON-DECLARATIVE)- EXPLICIT MEMORY: EPISODIC MEMORY & SEMANTIC MEMORY- IMPLICIT MEMORY: PROCEDURAL MEMORYELABORATE REHERSAL IS USED TO STORE OR ENCODE LONG TERM MEMORYLONG TERM MEMORY CAN LAST A LIFETIME2. AMNESIA: SEVERE MEMORY LOSS- RETROGRADE AMNESIA- THE INABILITY TO REMEMBER PAST EPISODIC INFORMATION- ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA- THE INABILITY TO FORM NEW MEMORIES3. METHODS OF RETRIEVAL- GOING BACK INTO LONG TERM MEMORY FOR INFORMATION- RECALL- (NO HELP) EX. ESSAY- CUED RECALL- (HELP) EX. FILL IN THE BLANK- RECOGNITION- EX. MULTIPLE CHOICECHAPTER 91. MENTAL AGE/CHRONOLOGICAL AGE X 100= IQ2. COMPARISON OF PEOPLE IN SIMULAR AGE GEROUPS3. DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY-21)- ONE IS BORN WITH AN EXTRA 21ST CHROMOSOME AND IS GENETIC (1 OUT OF 800). FRAGILE X SYNDROME: THE REPEAT OF A SPECIFIC GENETIC CODE ON THE X CHROMOSOME AND IS HEREDITARY (1 OUT OF 3800)4. LEWIS TERMAN6. Language, Logic & Math, Visual & Spatial, Music, Bodily-kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist.CHAPTER 124. MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: SELF-ACTUALIZATION-ESTEEM-LOVE/BELONGING-SAFETY-PHYSIOLOGICAL.5. WOMB ENVY- BELIEF THAT MEN ENVEY WOMEN’S ABILITY TO BEAR CHILDREN & REPRODUCE.CHAPTER 141. HILLUCINATIONS- SENSORY (FEEL, HEAR, SMELL, TASTE) DELUSION- FALSE BELIEFS2. ANTISOCIAL: LACK OF REMORSE, FALIURE TO CONFORM TO SOCIAL NORMS, RECKLESS DISREGARD TO SAFETY.HISTORIONIC: UNCOMFORTABLE NOT BEING THE CENTER OF ATTENTION, SEDUCTIVE OR, SELF-DRAMATIZED, SHALLOW.BOARDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER: UNSTABLE SELF-IMAGE, RECCURENT SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR, INTENSE AND UNSTABLE EMOTIONS.3. EATING DISORDER: ANOREXIA- RESTRICTING FOOD INTAKE. BULIMIA- BINGE EATINGANXIETY DISORDER- EXCESSIVE DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING ANXIETY & WORRYING ABOUT EVERYTHING.PANIC DISORDER- UNEXPECTED PANIC ATTACKS (SWEATY, CHEST PAINS, TERMBLING).CHAPTER 151. ACTIVE LISTENING, REFLECT THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS, SIENCE, QUESTIONS, CLARIFY THE PROBLEM, FOCUS ON FEELING, ADVOID GIVING ADVICE, ACCEPT THE PERSON’S FRAME OF REFERENCE, MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY.2. Psychodynamic – Freud, childhood, instinct, repression,
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