CJUS 4650 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 18 - 25Lecture 18 (April 7)Rediscovery of Wife Beating- Rediscovery during 1970s: “Silent Crisis”- Historical Perspective of Problemo Patriarchy—man’s right to discipline, home was his castle, hands-off policyo Moderate Correction—no permanent damageo Unnatural severity—Child abuse-fine or death; wife abuse up to judgeCenters for Disease Control (CDC)- Emotional Abuse- Issuing Threats- Sexual Violence- Physical ViolenceIncidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness- How widespread is the problem?o Speakouts- Which victim-offender relationships should be included or excluded?- What is abuse?—injuries and attacking—definitions clearly shape findings- Is minor violence criminal violence?o Lack of public consensus = normative ambiguityIPV- Ideal definitiono Severity of the Assaulto Assailant’s intentionso Actual physical injury inflictedo Depth of psychological traumao Nature of threatMaximalist Arguments Note- Women much more likely to be harmed by intimate than a stranger.- Nearly 25% of women will be victims of severe physical violence at the hands of their partner.- ½ of all incidents not reported to police.- Violence against women is the leading cause of female homelessness.Minimalist Arguments Note- Only 3 in 1,000 women aged 12 or older experience nonfatal violent offenses in a given year.- NCVS shows trends for domestic violence decreasing.o Between 1993 and 2008, intimate partner violence dropped by more than 50 percent nationally.o Intimates were responsible for less than 25 percent of all acts of violence perpetrated against females in 2010.Recognizing Warning Signs- Typical Female Victim Profileo Low incomeo Youngo Unemployedo Poorly Educatedo Living together but not marriedIntimate Partners and Homicide- About 16% of all murders in which the police could figure out the victim-offender relationship arose out of a conflict between intimate partners.- About 40% of female murder victims were slain by an intimate.- A declining percent of murders involve deadly assaults among husbands and wives, and a growing percent reflect fatal unmarried lovers’ quarrels.Why Does a Battered Woman Stay?- Learned Helplessness—Battered Woman Syndrome- Three Phase Cycle of Domestic Violenceo Tension Buildingo The violent explosion o Tranquil Loving AftermathLecture 19 (April 9)Aiding Victims who Feel Trapped- To offer immediate support to victims during a crisis, activist established shelters as a place of refuge- 1st woman’s shelter was in St. Paul, Minnesota known as “safe houses”o First temporary shelter, run by police department, in 2000o Short-term room and board, clothing, transportation and emotional supportBattered Women and CJ System- Therapeutic Modelo Women a=not totally innocento Shared responsibilityo Long term approach is to strengthen bond- Legalistic Model: in favor since 1980so Separate parties-order of protectiono Rescue and protect injuredo Punish and rehabilitate aggressoro Arresting may deter future actsPolice Response- Minneapolis Studyo 50% of arrested offenders did not re-assault victimo 26% of those forced to leave re-offended upon returno 18% of those sent to counseling re-offended in follow up periodo Conclusion: Best response was to arresto Domestic violence arrest without warranto External validity problem: did not work in other cities, men would reoffendBattered Women and CJ System- Prosecutorial Responseo Prosecutors discourage women from pressing chargeso Women often manipulated into dropping chargeso No drop Approach: Prosecutor only needs corroborating evidence if victims does not testifyo If accuser fails to show up at trial, case is typically dropped or defendant acquitted- Judicial Responseo Judges often dispose of spousal abuse cases because they can involve lengthy trialso Judges can order: eviction, limited visitation, prohibition of contacto Civil remedies are aimed at separating the coupleo Law enforcement does not actively enforce civil ordersDomestic Violence- Battered Husbando Only about 15% of all perpetrators of violence against partners were women in 2008o Women attack men nearly as often as men attack women (but less likely to causeinjury)o Victims hesitant to report-disbelief to mockeryo No access to resources for helpo Men’s ability to financially support themselves allow them the option of leaving the relationshipo First sanctuary for battered men was established in 1993 in St. Paul, MinnesotaVictim Provocation and Murder- Victim Defending Argumentso Siding with the dead man, noting his provocations not significant enough to justify his death, notes her overreaction, leads to offender blaming that she mustbe punished accordingly Violence went too far; she should have called police, left home, or divorced Women cannot be judge, jury, and executioner Man cannot defend himself in court because he is dead- Victim Blaming Argumentso Dead husband responsible for demise-his insults, challenges and assaults incited hero Those who strike back were socially and economically isolated, more severely beaten, children abusedo Deadly force justified as it is self-defense measureo Weapon justified due to lack of strengtho Abusive man, even without weapon, is legitimate threat to her life- Victim blaming is most convincing when the killer:o Had been threatened or beaten repeatedlyo Had been rescued in the past by policeo Testifies in courto Sought marital counselingo Attempted escapeo Filed for divorceo Had visible injuries from abuse at time of arresto Demonstrates crimes are socially defined. No act is inherently criminal-even homicideRediscovery of Other Victims- Young women battered during courtshipo Normalize the violenceo Seeing controlling behavior as romantico Nowhere to turn for helpo Blame themselves- Abuse of parents by adolescentso Underreportingo Mothers and stepmothers are most common victims, but the males are more prone to violent encounters- Elder abuseo Financial exploitation- Battering within same sex relationshipso Same as heterosexualo Underreported because haven’t come outPreventing Battering- Primary Prevention Programso Attempts to change attitudes of large numbers of people-high schools students- Secondary prevention programso Intervention into lives of high risk coupleso Teaching of negotiation and anger management techniques- Current responses not dealing with “root of the problem”o Decision-making in family flows with income and