CJUS 4650 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Trends in Murder II. Using the UCRIII. Types of HomicideIV. Violent Crime RatesOutline of Current Lecture V. RobberiesVI. Cumulative RisksVII. Differential RisksVIII. Reducing RisksCurrent LectureRobberies- Robbery combines stealing with extortion or outright violence- Completed robberies: Face-to-face confrontations in which perpetrators take something of value directly from victims against their will by either force or by threats of violenceFive Stages of Typical Robbery- Planningo Located target,- Establishing co-presence- Developing co-orientation- Transferring valuables- ExitUsing NCVS to Analyze Robberies- 2010: Only 58% of robbery victims reported it to police- More info available about victims and the events using NCVSo Primary motive is theft-27% of attempts unsuccessfulo 72% of males were victimized by complete strangerso 53% of females were victimized by strangerso 41% of assailants unarmedo 37% of victims were likely to be injured, 1 in 9 hurt seriouslyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Forceful resistance reduced monetary loss but increased likelihood of more severe injuryRobberies Turn into Homicide?- Your money or your lifeo Murders where robbery was motive-decreased from 2,500 in 1980 to 780 in 2010.o 1/5 of 1% of those accosted are murdered- Reasons why robbers injure victims:o Intimidationo In reaction to resistanceo Show off to the accompliceso Distract the victimProjecting Cumulative Risks- Annual crime rates represent the “rare events” of crime to Americans- Cumulative risks represent the likelihood of occurrence over a lifetime of 60 years.o At least one theft but more likely 3 or moreo 8% of females raped-black females 11%o 30% robbed 5% will be robbed twice, 1% will be robbed 3 or more times- Prevalence ratesDeterminants of Differential Risks- Attractivenesso Refers to value or desirability of items to take, not the victim’s personal appearance- Proximityo Describes whether the offender can get within range of the target, geographicallyand sociallyo Victims by proximity: Non-violent inmate Elderly living in high crime housing projects Well behaved students in a bad school- Vulnerabilityo Target’s ability to resist and repel on attack- Lifestyleo How and where people spend their time and money at work and leisure Influences exposure to risk Lifestyle Exposure Theory- Deviant Place Factoro Exact locations where predators prowl for victims-hot spotsReducing Risks- Balance between safety and risk is a personal decision-a value judgment- Cost benefit vs. risk-benefit analysis- Ambivalence about risk-taking in
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