CJUS 4650 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Children as VictimsII. Missing ChildrenIII. Child AbuseOutline of Current Lecture IV. Child Abuse-Maximalist and Minimalist ViewV. Child AbuseVI. Child Sex AbuseVII. Children as WitnessesCurrent LectureChild Abuse-Maximalist View- Occurring in enormous numbers—not reported- Under-reporting serious problem- Professionals, teachers, counselors not reporting- Cases reported not followed up on due to lack of resourcesChild Abuse-Minimalist View- Definition of child abuse expanding—slaps and spanking included- “Abuse” now includes “normal discipline”- Events not increasing—reporting increasing- Unfounded reports should not be counted- Media have sensationalized occurrencesChild Abuse- Trends of 70s–90s saw increased events.- Ebbed in late 90s and now decreasing.- Rates of child maltreatment dropped from 15.3/1000 in 1993 to 10.1/1000 in 2009— a 34% decrease!- Drugs and alcohol are factors contributing to child abuse.Child Sex Abuse- SAID Syndrome—”Sexual Allegations in Divorce”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Repressed Memories of Children—False Memory (Pseudomemories) coined by SigmundFreud- Sex Abuse by Clerics- Satanic CultsAbused Children and Legal Proceedings- Prevention of further abuse in the cjus system- Guardian Ad Litem (GAL): child advocate when the abuser is a parento Can be an attorney or a volunteer- Two responses to abusers:o View the parental wrong as dysfunctional and in need of helpo View them as criminals deserving punishmentChildren as Witnesses- 3 issues with children being witnesseso Children have cognitive limitations (immaturity)o No organization of thoughts or the ability to recount stories in a sequential ordero Short attention span- Two points of view:o Pro-prosecution/Pro-victim:  Children generally competent on fairly recent eventso Pro-defendant Questions trustworthiness as vulnerable to coaching by adults High pressure techniques can lead to false memory and ultimately lead tofalse conviction- Wheeler vs. US (1895): Children under 14 had to pass competency before testifying- Child Abuse Act of 1990 ruled all children competent unless evidence to contrary- Child Friendly Courtrooms/Practiceso May bar spectators from the courtroomo 2 way closed circuit TV so child can be in a different room while being questioned- 1990 U.S. Supreme Court (Maryland v. Craig) ruled alternatives permissibleo Hearsay Rule exceptions, use of dolls, etc.- Funnel Model of Criminal Justice Systemo So any cases are weeded out at various stages that very few cases remain in which the child testifies and parents are convicted- Proactive vs. Reactive Strategieso Screening potential childcare workerso Setting up “help lines” and crisis nurserieso Parents Anonymous support groups for abuserso Child rearing courseso Safe Haven laws to prevent infanticides Dropping baby off at police station, fire stationAdditional Forms of Exploitation of Children- Sibling Abuseo “kids will be kids”o Most frequent yet least studied type of assault- Abuse of Adolescents by Parentso Not viewed as particularly vulnerable or defenseless- Statutory Rape of