CJUS 4650 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. StalkingII. School ViolenceIII. Sexual Assault on CampusIV. HazingOutline of Current Lecture II. Victims of Workplace ViolenceIII. Victims of Bias/Hate CrimesIV. Officer ViolenceV. RestitutionCurrent LectureVictims of Workplace Violence- “Workplace Violence” terms coined in ‘89o “Going Postal” became a common termo 4 different “threat assessment” strategies: Reduce odds intruder can come into workplace Prevent outside disputes from coming into workplace Protect employees who deal with irate customers, unruly students, disturbed patients and inmates Safeguard employees from disgruntled current or former employees- Being killed on the jobo Taxi drivers and chauffeurso Police/Detectives- Being assaulted on the jobo Law enforcement jobso Workers in mental health fieldo College professor- safest jobVictims of Bias/Hate Crimes- Usually stranger crimes- Crimes motivated by hate for a particular group- 1990 enacted Hate Crimes Statistics Act: FBI to gather data annually on bias crimesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- 2010 FBI reported 6,600 hate crimeso 50% racial motivated, mainly against African Americanso 20% religious intoleranceo 20% sexual preferenceo 10% ethnic motivation, mainly Jewish- Fewer than 50% of all bias-riven incidents are reported to the police- 1984: California became the first state to amend existing hate crime act to include LGBT, age discriminationViolence between Prisoners- Prison Rape Reduction Act of 2003o Institutions put on notice they must detect, prevent, and punish rape behind bars- An estimated 4.5% of inmates are victims annually- Most vulnerable of all inmates to sexual assault are juveniles in institutions- Female inmates twice as likely to be sexually victimized than males- Male inmates are more likely to be abused or assaulted within the first 24 hoursOfficers Injured and Killed in Line of Duty- “As the first line of defense for the social order, law enforcement agents serve as a lightning rod, attracting and absorbing the bolts of discontent emanating from alienated individuals and hostile groups within society.”—Author- Often considered to be the most heinous of all crimes and usually punishable by death in most states- Number of deaths peaked in 1973, dropped in the 80s, and then became fairly stable- Most likely to be killed:o In an ambush situationo In an arrest situation (highest according to UCR)o During a traffic pursuit/traffic stop- Statistical portrait of murdered officers:o 95% were maleso 84% were white; 13% were blacko Between 25 and 40 years old (avg. age 38)o Been employed about 11 yearsCop Killers- Statistical portrait of cop killerso 98% were maleo 52% whiteo 44% blacko Over 60% were between 18 and 30 years oldo 80% had a criminal recordo 30% were under some form of supervisionTerrorism- Violence taking form of bombing, assassination, kidnapping for ransom, hostage taking, and skyjacking- FBI reports 1980-Sept 2001o 348 incidents in U.S. suspectedo 259 verifiedo Majority committed by domestic groups- In the 10 years following 2001, not a single person on U.S. soil had been killed or wounded in a “genuine” 9/11 type terrorist attack- 1995 Oklahoma City bombing was worst terrorist incident pre-9/11- September 11, 2001 Trade Tower- Al Qaeda killed 2,838 in Towers, 189 at Pentagon, and 44 in Pennsylvania plane crash- Compensation for 9/11 victimso Set precedent for future and past terrorist victims?Chapter 12How are Victims Repaid?- Offender pays-preferred- Civil suit- Insurance companies- Victim Compensation Program- Profits from Notorious CriminalsRestitution by Offender- Types of restitutiono Community service A type of restitution designed to make amends to society as a wholeo Symbolic restitution When the injured party doesn’t want to accept the wrongdoers’ aido Creative restitution When offenders go beyond what the law asks of them or their sentences requireRise, Fall and Rediscovery of Restitution- Code of Hammurabi, 1775 B.C.o Granted as much as 30 times the value- Roman Lawo Had to pay double the value- Early Americao Handled as private matters- Courts system: “crimes against the state”- Define tort: A wrong committed against a specific person- 1982: Presidents Task Force on Victims and Crime: recommendation for restitution paid by offenders- 1996: Mandatory Victim Restitution Act- 1994: Mandatory restitution in Federal cases of sexual assault and domestic violence (Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act)- Courts in every state now have right to order restitution- The oldest existing repayment program for people who have een harmed by delinquentswas initiated in Florida in 1945- The earliest community service program was set up in South Dakota in 1965- A Minnesota program in 1972 was the first to allow youthful offenders to perform direct services for