PSC 1113 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last LectureI. Getting Nominated for the JudiciaryII. The BureaucracyOutline of Current LectureI. The BureaucracyCurrent LectureI. The BureaucracyA. Congress does not have the time, expertise, and ability to do everythingB. Agencies created with clear purposes, given authority to make policy decisions1. USPCA, postal service, environmental protection agencyC. Congress gives general guidelines, bureaucracy works out the detailsD. Implementation: executing these guidelinesE. Holding them accountable1. President: appoint and remove heads, recognize, use executive orders2. Congress: abolish programs, refuse to fund, investigate, compel testimony, write legislation to limit action3. Court: rule is bureaucrats are acting within the law, if decisions are constitutional4. In total, this is oversighti. 2 strategiesa. Police patrols: regularly checking in on bureaucrats(1) Think of a policeman walking a beat and hitting the same spots at regular intervalsb. Fire alarms: only checking in when something goes wrong(1) Think of firemen waiting in a firehouse for a fire and jumping into action when the get the callii. Media investigation as oversighta. Write stories to gain a public reactionb. Write stories to appeal to elitesc. Work with elites to create awarenessiii. MuckrakingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. History(1) Origins lie in the early 1900sb. Key(1) Shift in journalism meant independent, fact-based investigation, not sensationalized and partialc. Primarily in magazines at the time, allowed for long form approach and mademagazines stand outd. Major stories: exposing business conditions and corruption in government(1) Results: breakdown of corporations, new laws to protect citizens, new strategies of campaigning(2) Journalism in the 20th century: full of major muckrakers (Carson and pesticides, Nader and automobiles, Woodward/Bernstein and Watergate)e. Simple Muckraking Model(1) Journalistic investigation(2) Publication(3) Public opinion(4) Policy initiatives(5) Policy consequencesf. Variations of the Simple Muckraking Model(1) Leaping impact: when we see a step skipped(i) Usually public opinion(2) Truncated: when we see a breakdown in the model(i) Likely at public opinion or policy initiatives(ii) Maybe at publicationg. Eight Stages of the Policy Process(1) Recognition: public sees a problem(2) Agenda setting: government recognizes the problem too(3) Deliberation: debate over what government should do(4) Enactment: a law is passed(5) Implementation: laws are turned into actual programs(6) Outputs: rules and regulations laid out by bureaucracy(7) Outcomes: policy has an effect on society(8) Evaluation/oversight: is the policy
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