P SC 1113 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last LectureI. After the State of the Union AddressII. The Dormant Presidency Reviveda. Literalistsb. StewardsIII. Congress: Undermining Itself?IV. Checks and Balances in 2015V. FederalismOutline of Current LectureI. How Does Representation Work?II. Freedom of Expression LawsuitsA. The Skokie CaseB. The First AmendmentCurrent LectureI. How Does Representation Work?A. Classic model by Warren Miller and Donald Stokes, political scientists of the 1950s1. What does it mean to give good or bad representation?2. Representation is congruence, or how well what an elected official does matches public opinion3. Public seeks to control members through elections4. Problems: Do citizens have problems? Do they express them? Do they use elections?B. If Professor Johnson asked you if your representative was doing a good or bad job how would you go about answering?1. Based on party2. Sociotropic (big issues relevant to a lot of people) vs. pocketbook (small issues only relevant to me)3. Judging the votes cast in a legislature4. Maybe looking for other representatives who will listen to youC. Heinz Eulau and Paul Karpes1. Said you could judge them based on other forms of servicei. How they respond to specific needs, wants, or problems in your areaii. If they’re concerned with your tiniest little problemsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Whether they bring a lot of money into the district (allocation)iv. If they do any of these things the district may look more kindly to themv. Symbolic ways they can earn your support: getting things on the agenda done, listening to all voices, building relationships, getting the ball rolling on things you care aboutD. Representational woes1. Being democratic in a part of Oklahoma that’s dominated by republicans2. What if your elected officials are completely different people than you are demographically? What if you’re a woman and they’re all men?? What if you’re blackand they’re all white?3. Is representation solely about geography?E. Alternate conceptions of representation1. Collectivei. Your location may differ from state dynamics or national dynamicsii. Some elected officials look outward as wella. The result is collective representation- Some elected officials stand for groups broader and more dispersed than a geographical locationb. Underrepresentation- The demographics of most elected officials don’t match the population- The population is 51% women but women only make up 20% of Congress- The population is 17% Latino but Latinos only make up 7% of Congress- The population is 13% African American but African Americans only make up 9% of Congress- Underrepresentation gets worse the more local you look- The result is descriptive representationc. Descriptive representation- Relationships between underrepresented and those of the same minority who are in office2. Federalism creates countless possibilities when it comes to representationi. If you don’t like your elected officials and what they’re doing you can look elsewhereII. Freedom of Expression LawsuitsA. The Skokie Case1. In 1977 the National Socialist Party of America (Nazis) wanted to hold a demonstration (carry signs, wear uniforms)2. Rejected by Chicago (which required insurance)3. Settled on suburban Skokie (home to thousands of Jewish residents)4. City passes new requirementsi. Insurance neededii. No demonstrations by hostile groupsiii. No wearing military-like uniforms5. Freedom of Expression lawsuits lead courts to side with the NazisB. The First Amendment1. Not as straightforward as it seems2. A pendulum swinging between freedom and protectioni. Shifts based on state of affairs. Are we at war? Protection. Is it peacetime? Freedom.3. Historical and Modern Examplesi. Founders didn’t always live up to these idealsa. Alien and Sedition Actsb. Earliest major speech case: 1919’s Schenck Case- “Clear and present danger” as a test of 1917 Espionage Actc. Near vs. Minnesota of 1931- Key case in frame of free expression by