P SC 1113 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I After the State of the Union Address II The Dormant Presidency Revived a Literalists b Stewards III Congress Undermining Itself IV Checks and Balances in 2015 V Federalism Outline of Current Lecture I How Does Representation Work II Freedom of Expression Lawsuits A The Skokie Case B The First Amendment Current Lecture I How Does Representation Work A Classic model by Warren Miller and Donald Stokes political scientists of the 1950s 1 What does it mean to give good or bad representation 2 Representation is congruence or how well what an elected official does matches public opinion 3 Public seeks to control members through elections 4 Problems Do citizens have problems Do they express them Do they use elections B If Professor Johnson asked you if your representative was doing a good or bad job how would you go about answering 1 Based on party 2 Sociotropic big issues relevant to a lot of people vs pocketbook small issues only relevant to me 3 Judging the votes cast in a legislature 4 Maybe looking for other representatives who will listen to you C Heinz Eulau and Paul Karpes 1 Said you could judge them based on other forms of service i How they respond to specific needs wants or problems in your area ii If they re concerned with your tiniest little problems These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute iii Whether they bring a lot of money into the district allocation iv If they do any of these things the district may look more kindly to them v Symbolic ways they can earn your support getting things on the agenda done listening to all voices building relationships getting the ball rolling on things you care about D Representational woes 1 Being democratic in a part of Oklahoma that s dominated by republicans 2 What if your elected officials are completely different people than you are demographically What if you re a woman and they re all men What if you re black and they re all white 3 Is representation solely about geography E Alternate conceptions of representation 1 Collective i Your location may differ from state dynamics or national dynamics ii Some elected officials look outward as well a The result is collective representation Some elected officials stand for groups broader and more dispersed than a geographical location b Underrepresentation The demographics of most elected officials don t match the population The population is 51 women but women only make up 20 of Congress The population is 17 Latino but Latinos only make up 7 of Congress The population is 13 African American but African Americans only make up 9 of Congress Underrepresentation gets worse the more local you look The result is descriptive representation c Descriptive representation Relationships between underrepresented and those of the same minority who are in office 2 Federalism creates countless possibilities when it comes to representation i If you don t like your elected officials and what they re doing you can look elsewhere II Freedom of Expression Lawsuits A The Skokie Case 1 In 1977 the National Socialist Party of America Nazis wanted to hold a demonstration carry signs wear uniforms 2 Rejected by Chicago which required insurance 3 Settled on suburban Skokie home to thousands of Jewish residents 4 City passes new requirements i Insurance needed ii No demonstrations by hostile groups iii No wearing military like uniforms 5 Freedom of Expression lawsuits lead courts to side with the Nazis B The First Amendment 1 Not as straightforward as it seems 2 A pendulum swinging between freedom and protection i Shifts based on state of affairs Are we at war Protection Is it peacetime Freedom 3 Historical and Modern Examples i Founders didn t always live up to these ideals a Alien and Sedition Acts b Earliest major speech case 1919 s Schenck Case Clear and present danger as a test of 1917 Espionage Act c Near vs Minnesota of 1931 Key case in frame of free expression by newspapers