BY 124 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Lectures 21 24 Lecture 21 What are the three major types of osmoregulation Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic What type of excretory system do flatworms have How does it work Flat worms use flame cells and protonephridia to rid the body of water Ammonia is excreted from the body through the creature s skin Figure 44 11 What type of excretory system do an earthworm have How does it work Earthworms use metanephridium Waste leaves through the external openings in a segment Figure 44 12 What type of excretory system do terrestrial insects have How does it work Terrestrial insects Figure 44 13 They use a malphigian tubule Water and nitrogenous wastes moves in these tubules and the things that are unwanted in the open circulatory system body are excreted through the anus What type of excretory system do aquatic vertebrates have How does it work What do mammals and most amphibians excrete What do many reptiles and birds excrete Aquatic vertebrates Figure 44 3 use gills to get oxygen into body Salt water fish are hypertonic and therefore lose water Need to get water so drink it To fix this issue of drinking salt water and introducing more salt into body they use transport epithelium a single layer of cells that face external environment and connected by tight junctions to secrete salt ions Kidneys do not have to really worry about salt concentrations in the body and so do not urinate much Sharks cartilaginous fishes keep large amounts of urea in body and therefore act like freshwater fish keep salt inside body hypotonic Loses salt to water so have to keep taking in water Mammals most amphibians freshwater fish excrete urea Sea turtles can produce both urea and ammonia Many reptiles birds insects excrete uric acid which takes a lot of energy to create but decreases water loss What is the osmoregularity between salt water fish and their surroundings How is this addressed How is this different from fresh water fish Are there saltwater fish that technically work like freshwater fish in regards to their osmoregularity Salt water fish are hypertonic and therefore lose water to their surroundings Need to get water so drink it To fix this issue of drinking salt water and introducing more salt into body they use transport epithelium a single layer of cells that face external environment and connected by tight junctions to secrete salt ions Kidneys do not have to really worry about salt concentrations in the body and so do not urinate much Sharks cartilaginous fishes keep large amounts of urea in body and therefore act like freshwater fish keep salt inside body hypotonic Loses salt to water so have to keep taking in water Freshwater fishes see above What is the functional unit of the kidney What is the blood flow through the kidney The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron The blood flow through the kidney is as follows proximal convoluted tubule descending loop Loop of Henle ascending loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct ureter What is the function of the kidney Define reabsorption secretion and excretion The kidneys are used to filter the blood Once inside the nephron blood is called filtrate During filtration components will move back into the blood this is called reabsorption Secretion occurs when things in the interstitial fluid move into the nephron Excretion is when waste leaves the body as urine What are the parts of a nephron How do things move through the nephron What things move through the nephron Parts of a nephron figure 44 15 a Bowmann s capsule cup like structure i Filtration occurs here ii Very efficient iii Contains little filters called podocytes iv Little things that can be transported passively will be transported into out of nephron v Bigger things like blood cells can t pass passively 1 Nutrients are transported out of nephron want to get these back in body active transport 2 Salt a Water moves passively because it ends up following the salt concentration vi Study figure How are kidneys regulated Kidneys are regulated the hypothalamus The hypothalamus signals to the posterior pituitary to excrete the ADH made by the hypothalamus If the blood is too thick or there is an increase in blood osmolarity a stimulus signals hypothalamus to create the ADH The thickening of the blood causes you to get thirsty which will cause you to drink water to thin out your blood a little bit Also ADH leads to an increase in permeability in the distal tubule which prevents the further osmolarity increase Stud figures 44 16 and 44 20 Figure 44 22 Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure by the renin angiotensinaldesterone system RAAS 1 Juxtaglomerular apparatus b Release renin when there is a low blood volume or blood pressure c Renin activates Angiotensin I which is translated to Angiotensin II by ACE d Angiotensin II activates adrenal gland to produce aldosterone which increases Na and water reabsorption in distal tubules which increases blood volume 2 Atrial natriuretic protein opposite from above What connects the kidneys to the bladder What is the function of the bladder What does urethra do The ureter connects the kidneys to the bladder The bladder is what holds liquid waste The urethra empties the bladder What are some differences between other animal kidneys excretion Desert animals have long loops of Henle because they need to reabsorb as much water as possible Whales and fish do not drink salt water so thus do not have to excrete as much water Birds have nasal salt glands that release excess water and this is why they can drink salt water Lecture 22 What are some environmental factors that can effect sexual reproduction What is parthenogenesis What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism Environmental factors are the usual culprits in effecting sexual reproduction Some examples include temperature rainfall day length lunar cycles and pheromones chemicals given off by other animals Parthenogenesis means virgin birth This means that the eggs from the female can grow up to a full grown organism without paternal chromosomes There are two types of sequential hermaphroditism Protogynous hermaphroditism is when the organism starts off as female and then becomes a male if the situation calls for it Protandrous hermaphroditism is when the organism starts off as a male and then becomes the female later on What is the main function of the testis Where are the testes found What are the parts of the testes The main function of the testis