PSYCH 330 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12-17Lecture 12 (March 5)Diagnostic Criteria of Intellectual Development Disorder (IDD)- Sub-average intellectual functioning (IQ 70 or below).- Impairment in adaptive functioning (impairment in basic behaviors, hygiene, etc.)- Symptoms evident prior to age 18.- Use Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale to diagnosis (Filled out by parent/guardian).Prevalence and SeverityMild IDD:- 85% of cases of IDD.- Often not evident until school.- Development is slower (in eating, dressing, etc.).- Adolescence speak fluently, can do simple arithmetic.- Most can hold a job; some marry.Moderate IDD:- Diagnosible in ages early as 2-3.- Developmental delays.- Adolescence can have simple conversations, read a few words.- Many live in communities/special residences.Severe IDD:- Have some self-care skills.- Can work in sheltered workspaces.- Understand language but have trouble speaking.Profound IDD:- Few self-care abilities.- Little to no speaking abilities.- Co-existent mental disorders are common (seizures, motoric issues, cerebral palsy, etc.).Causes of IDDPrenatal causes of genetic disorders (32%):- Down syndrome, tuberous sclerosisExternal prenatal causes(12%):- HIV, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, PrematurityPerinatal causes (11%):- Enecphalitis, Neonatal AsphyxiaPostnatal causes (8%):- Lead Poisoning, Deprivation, Trauma, TumorMalformation of unknown causes (8%):- Naval Tube DefectUnknown causes (25%)Chromosomal AbnormalitiesFragile-X Syndrome- Weak x-chromosome- Protine gene “turned off”- Large ears, elongated face, enlarged testicles- More common in men than womenDown Syndrome (Trisonomy 21)- Extra chromosome in pair 21- Error in cell division in mother’s ovum.- Chances increase with mother’s age.- Those with Down Syndrome have a 40% chance increase of developing Alzheimer’s Disease as they grow older.- Folds in eyes, flat nose, small mouth, protruding tongue.Prader-Willi Syndrome- Chromosome 15 mutation.- Compulsive eating, small stature.Lesch-Nyan Syndrome- X-linked disorder- Result in cognitive/behavior disturbances (results in self harm).- Damage to basal ganglia (which is responsible for fine motor functions), which results in higher chances for cerebral palsy.- Also higher chances for uric acid (kidney) problems.- Only males suffer from this condition; women can be carriers.Metabolic Disturbances (Prenatal)Phenylketonuria (PKU)- Defective recessive gene- Deficiency in liver enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalaine- Can damage CNS- Can cause severe retardation- PKU “low protein” diet (needed until at least age 8) fixes PKU- Infants are routinely tested at birth for defectTay Sachs Disease- Recessive gene disorder- Lipid enzyme lacking in brain tissue (HEX-A: Chromosome 15)- Usually detected between 4-8 months of age- Eastern European Jewish Ancestry- Progressive deterioration, immobility, convulsions- Untreatable- Death by age 5Environmental Factors- Around 15% of children born to HIVE moms develop HIV- If mother is treated for HIV with AZT, then that rate drops to 8%- Cognetial disorders are acquired during prenatal development and are not genetic- Rubella, syphilis, thyroxine deficiency, etc. are examples- The drug Thalidomide resulted in severely malformed limbs of the children who were in the womb of the mothers taking it- Alcohol consumption during pregnancy results in low birth and growth rates, low IQ, hindered motor skills and social performance- Also results in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which is characterized by narrow upper lips, short noses, and droopy eyelids- Malnutrition (low vitamin and mineral deficiencies) can lead to intellectual impairmentPostnatal EnvironmentToxins- Lead poisoning- PICA (random object eating)Physical Trauma- Abuse (can cause irreversible brain damage)- Forceps used during birth can damage brain- Hypoxia (improper anesthesia, umbilical cord rupture)Deprivation- Mild IDD due to deprived settings- Lack of intellectual stimulation can cause pseudo-retardation- Mild IDD is 3x more common in offspring of teenage mothers- Maternal drug use, poor nutrition, and lack of stimulation are causes of that.Lecture 13 (March 10)In the DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is split into three groups, Autism, Asperger’s, andPervasive Deficit Disorder.Autism Spectrum SymptomsAbnormalities in social interactions:- Nonverbal behaviors (poor posture, lack of eye contact, etc)- Sharing of activities, interests (more introverted, preferring isolation rather than social interaction)- Decreased Modulation (very strong emotions)Abnormalities in Communication- Delay or lack of language skills (50% never develop a useful repertoire)- Failure to initiate or sustain conversation- Stereotyped use of language (echolalia: the repeating of sounds/words)Behavioral Stereotypy- Restricted patterns of interest (certain object obsession)- Compulsive adherence to rituals (stability is very important)- Repetitive motor mannerisms (echopraxia)- Preoccupation with parts of objectsSelf-Injurious Behavioral Inhibition System (SIBIS)- Used for those with IDD, Autism, etc. who have self-damaging behaviors (such as head banging).- Hockey helmet-type device that gives mild to moderate electrical shocks when behavior is done.- It is shown to be effective, but when it’s taken off the patients tend to revert back to the damaging behaviors within about a day.Autism Spectrum Disorder- Prevalence: .5%- Recognition of condition is usually prior to three years of age.- M:F ration= 5:1- Genetic differences are a possibility for the high ration difference.- It could take more mutations for females to be affected.- This is supported by the fact that females are more severely affected when diagnosed.- The theory is that females are more genetically protected, because more genetic mutations are required to cause ASD.Etiological Factors- In the 1950-60’s it was though that “child rearing skills” or cold-rejecting parents were the cause for ASD (Leo Kanner).- This was later disproven, of course.- In ASD there are metabolic disturbances as well as congenital problems.- Chromosomal abnormalities (particularly fragile-x)Genetic Components- Heritability Index: 0.90 (an index of 1=purely genetic)The Autistic Savant- About 10% of those with ASD are Savants.- Savants are unusually gifted individuals.- There is damage to the anterior temporal lobe.- This results in unusual skills in music, art, calendar calculation, mathematics, and memorization.- This