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UT Knoxville PSYC 330 - Diagnosing Mental Illnesses
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PSYC 330 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. A basic understanding of what Psychological Assessment is.II. Context of Clinical Assessment.III. Methods of Assessment.IV. Advantages of Unstructured and Structured interviews.Outline of Current Lecture I. Information on the process of diagnosing mental illnesses.II. DSM-V CharacteristicsIII. Various projective testsIV. Definition of reliability and validity and why they’re importantCurrent LectureDiagnosis of Mental DisordersWhat is Diagnosis?- A label describing or classifying symptoms/behaviors that cluster together.- All branches of science classify.DSM-V CharacteristicsThis book (basically the psychologist’s bible) is highly researched based.- The goal is to improve the reliability and validity of psychological diagnosis through a taskforce of individuals going out and updating information, such as:1. Diagnostic Criteria (Symptoms)2. Associated Features (In the case of someone with major depressive disorder, 50% of individuals with MDD also have an anxiety disorder.)3. Differential Diagnosis (Some disorders have overlap, such as Dysthymia and Major Depression. They are similar disorders, but individuals diagnosed with Dysthymia have to show symptoms for 2 years, unlike individuals diagnosed with the more severe MDD, which they only have to show symptoms for about 2 weeks.)4. CourseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Age of onset (Continuing with a drepression example; females commonly start showing symptoms in their late teens-early 20’s, symptoms for males commonly show in their 20’s.)b. Number of episodes (People with MDD usually have 3-4 episodes in their lifetime, waxing and waning in intensity.)c. Prevalence/Incidence (Depression is found in 10-15% of males and 15-25% of females.)d. Gender differences (More females attempt suicide, but more males succeed in committing suicide.)5. Multaxial Diagnosis (Which was in the DSM-IV, not the current DSM-V (Example Shown.)DSM Pros and ConsPros:- Research and group classification facilities- Communication- Funding (special education, IEP, hospital admissions and insurance cooperation with accurate diagnosisCons:- Implies abnormal behavior is categorical rather than dimensional- Illusion of explanation may exempt one from responsibility from their actions (“I’m manic depressive, therefor I don’t have to control myself.”)- Can be harmful to patients (Stigma, Self-fulfilling prophecy)- Can be harmful to ethical principle (Falsifying diagnosis)- Can create false expectations/behaviors from mental health professionals (Like in the Rosenhan experiment in 1973)Reliability and ValidityReliability:- Consistent across time and space.a. Internal consistency- Do different parts of a test yield similar results?b. Split-half Consistency- If you split it in half, are those different parts still consistent?c. Alternate Form Consistancy- In giving different tests, are the scores on those tests about the same?- Inter-rater Reliabilitya. If two people collect and/or see the same information, will they make the same rating?Validity:- Construct Validity- The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.- Face Validity- The test examinees determine the validity the more they know what is being measured.- External Validity- Extent research results are generalized to “the real world”. a. Also known as “ecological validity”b. Depends on representativeness of samplec. The best way to achieve external validity is through random sampling (where everyone has an equal chance of being selected).Projective Tests- In these tests, an individual’s true (or unconscious) motives are drawn out indirectly.- There is the Rorschach Inkblot Testa. Created by Herman Rorschach (1921)b. Originally used 40 cards, later 15, and today only 10.c. There are steps to using this method:1. Introduce the patient to the technique.2. Give the patient the instructions.3. Listen to their response.4. Say the verbatim quote that is already prepared as per the test, having the patient go through the slides and show you the location of what they see, the determinants (what makes it look like what they’re thinking), and the content (orwhat the object they see actually is).5. The results are computer generated (EXNEIC)- There is also the Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)a. 16 Different cards are presented, showing a scenario or situation.b. You ask the patient to describe what the person in the slide is thinking/feeling, what happened before the picture, what is happing currently in the picture, what’s going to happen after the picture, etc.- There is also the House-Tree-Person Test, where a person draws a house, a tree, and a person, and the details given to the objects signify psychological things in their mind.- Pros to these types of tests are:a. They allow the patient great creative freedom.b. The results are very difficult to fake.- Cons to these types of tests are:a. They are difficult to score and interpret.b. They have poor inter-rater


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UT Knoxville PSYC 330 - Diagnosing Mental Illnesses

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