PSYCH 330 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Correlates to ASDII. Related Developmental DisordersIII. Primary Prevention MethodsIV. Treatment of ASDOutline of Current Lecture I. Childhood/Adolescence Symptoms Compared to Adult SymptomsII. Prevalence in Children/AdolescenceIII. Childhood Disorders Predicting Adult DisordersIV. Treatment from Childhood and its Effect on Adult DisordersV. Causes of Childhood DisordersVI. ADHDVII. Correlates of ADHDVIII. Treatments of ADHDCurrent LectureAre Childhood Disorders Similar to Adult Disorders?Diagnosis:- Yes- Depression, Anxiety, ADHD, Autism- No- ODD, CD, PICAPresentation:- Disorders are often similar, except for MDD and ADHD- Children with MDD tend to act out more (to mask the depression) by fighting, getting into trouble at school, etc.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- You will also see more sematic complaints from children (not feeling well, aches and pains, etc.)- Adolescents have more feelings of hopelessness about life and relationships than younger children, and higher suicidality as well.- Adolescents also have more substance abuse problems and less separation anxiety and ADHD than younger children.Prevalence- 20% of children/adolescents will develop a disorder.- Rates increase at age 6-7 (Because they start school).- Before adolescence, boys are much more likely to be diagnosed with a disorder (commonly ADHD).- After adolescence, girls become more prone in several areas (because of media; anorexia, bulimia, depression, anxiety disorders).Do Childhood Disorders Predict Adult Disorders?Without treatment, yes, it can.- Conduct Disorder leads to Antisocial Personality Disorder- The earlier the age of onset for CD, the higher likelihood the child will develop APD.- Anxiety and depression episodes from childhood are predictors for later episodes in life.- Childhood external disorders (like ADHD) can lead to adult depression disorders.Predisposition:- Childhood problems can lead to later disorders.- A child that loses a parent may not become immediately depressed/anxious, but the trauma may increase vulnerability to future disorders.- “Scar Hypothesis” is well supported with children but not with adults.Treatments in Preventing Childhood Disorders from Carrying into Adulthood?- We don’t know if treating childhood disorders helps for the future conclusively.- We do know that:- Treatment is useful in the short term- Treatment is equally successful in children and adults- Treatment is especially helpful to adolescent girls- Professionals (MA degree and above) are more effective in treating adults, and paraprofessionals (BA degree and below) are more effective with children.ADHD- Known as Minimal Brain Dysfunction in 1966- That was based on neurological signs (abnormal EEG)- They thought it was a dysfunction in the CNS- This is now discountedPrevalence:- B:G=5:1- Boys get ADHD more severely overallCriteria:- Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity- Problems planning/meeting goals- Not efficient at multitasking- Problems with delaying or waiting for gratification- ADHD has to be observed in multiple environments (not just at home) to be diagnosed.- Children used to have to be diagnosed before age 7, but today it is age 12.Causes of ADHDThere are a combination of causes and factors.Biological factor- 25%- If one child in a family has ADHD, the chances are 1 in 4 that another child in the family will develop it also.- Heritability Index: .80- The more severe the ADHD, the higher probability of the siblings also developing it.Genetic Component:- No genetic market found (it is polygenetic)- It’s across several genes rather than found in a specific one.Environment:- Smoking/drinking during pregnancy increases risk of child developing ADHD.- The more complications there are in childbirth, the more likely the child will develop ADHD.- Traumatic brain injury results in a small amount of cases.-This may affect neurotransmitters (for dopamine and norepinephrine)-MRI: shows damage to frontal cortex and cerebellum (Castellano, 2002).Brain Development:- The child’s brain matures normally but delayed by 3 years (Shaw, 2007).-The majority even out as they age.- Corpus callosum has abnormal growth patterns (Gillian et al., 2011).-Causes abnormalities in communication between hemispheres in the brain.- Food additives were thought to cause ADHD, which is now debunked.Theory of Underarousal:- The theory is that patients with ADHD are under aroused, so stimulate themselves to getto normal levels.- This is why giving them stimulants like Ritalin/Adderall work to calm them rather than speed them up even more.CorrelatesAcademic Progress- Learning disorders- 30%- Special education- 30%- Teachers: Lower rates of positive exchanges, more commanding of ADHD children.Family Discord (Lack of Attention)- We don’t know if it’s a cause or effect. It could be both.Peer Relations- Aggression, lack of cooperation, distractibility, isolationTrajectory- 50% of children with ADHD will carry it into adolescence, and 30% of adolescents will carry it into adulthood.- Hyperactivity declines with age, but attention issues do not.- Medications inhibit impulsive behaviors, but not attention symptoms.- Research doesn’t show that medication is effective in academic performance.Treatment of ADHDGrowth Suppression?- There is some evidence that the continued use of medication can cause growth suppression.- The solution to that is to go on “stimulant holidays” where the patient has no medication over the summer.- Strattera is for the production of norepinephrine.-Mildly increases suicidality ideation- Rellam’s Summer