PSYC 330 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. What a Clinical Psychologist is, does, and doesn’t normally do.II. How long a getting a Ph. D in Clinical Psychology takes (and possible alternatives), and what that will require of you personally.III. Different types of psychologists and what they do.Outline of Current Lecture I. What the common knowledge of being abnormal is.II. What the actual definition of “abnormal” is, from a psychological standpoint.III. Group differences concerning risk factors and statistical differences in mental health disorders.Current LectureWhat is a Common Definition of Being Abnormal?There are a variety of things that make a person “abnormal” in some way, such as:- Being Different (height, skills, beliefs)- Behaving Differently (deviance)- Behaving Dangerously- Maladaptive Behavior (behavior that brings discomfort to oneself or others)What is a Psychological way to Define Being Abnormal?The way to determine if a person’s behavior is abnormal doesn’t stem from a set definition. Instead, there are several interlocking criteria that define abnormality, which are:- Norm Violation and/or Statistical Rarity- The Behavior May or May Not Cause Personal Discomfort(This would be things like alcoholism or schizophrenia)- The Behavior May or May Not Be Dangerous- The Behavior Compromises the Person’s or Other People’s Wellbeing- *Remember to look at the behavior in CONTEXT. (A behavior a person demonstrates could be considered normal or appropriate around friends, but not around their parents.)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What About Group Differences Concerning Mental Health Problems?Genderplays a big role in these differences. For instance, there is reportedly a 2:1 femaleto male ratio rate of depression in America. Why could that be? There are several reasons.- Is it rate or self report?-Males tend to internalize things like depression, since the model of a true man in America is not of a male who talks about “his feelings” much. This could be a factor in surveys; males not feeling as comfortable in admitting symptoms as much as females do.Socio-Economic Status(SES) also show differences.- Those with a low SES are shown to have a higher likelihood of developing mental health problems.- Consider which way that goes though; Do people with low SES have higher risks of mental health problems, or do those with mental health problems have a higher likelihood of having a low SES?- There is research on both theories; being a good psychologist means looking at multiple possibilities to problems, like in the previous point.Age is another factor to consider.- Men and women ages 30-44 show the most risk to developing any mental health problem.- There is a table in your textbook that talks more about that. It would be a very good ideato know that table for the test.- Younger boys (9-10y/o) show a much higher rate for disorders than girls at the same age,which evens out at around 16, and then switches so that females show a higher rate than males.-This could be because of external disorders (such as ADHD, ODD, etc.) are something younger boys get diagnosed with because of their tendency to “act out” as boys tend to do. As they get older, they “settle down”, and more internal disorders (such as depression and anxiety) are reported in females as they age.Ethnicity also plays a role in people who develop mental health problems.- Suicide rates in America are as follows:Caucasian and American Indians have the same rate of suicide, and both have a greater rate of suicide than African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans, who all have closer rates to one another. Why is this?- Some factors researched are family structures, social systems (if it is considered selfish or dishonorable to kill oneself in a society then there are less rates of it), religion/spirituality (those with religions tend to view life as something worth more than those without it), and variances of social support within ethnic backgrounds.Cultural Specific Syndromes are also an interesting things to look into.- Koro- An anxiety in Asia. The male fears that his penis will recede entirely into his body. For females, the fear that their nipples will recede.- Brain Fag- An African disorder, with symptoms such as fatigue, loss of attention, loss of energy, etc. (Similar to depression as we know it.)- Ghost Sickness- A Native American anxiety that they will be haunted and probably punished by ghosts, particularly of a deceased relative who had disagreements with the person in