PSYC 330 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Remember to Look Over Chapter 2.Lecture 1 (January 8)What is a Clinical Psychologist, and what does one even do?A clinical psychologist is a psychologist that sees a wide variety of patents. This can go anywherefrom marriage counseling, to seeing patients for anxiety disorders and depression, to seeing patients long term for various severe illnesses like schizophrenia or multiple personality disorder.What Can’t Clinical Psychologists Do?- Prescribe medicine! Only PSYCHIATRISTS can do that. (In most places.)- The exceptions to that rule are in New Mexico, Louisiana, and most recently, Indiana.Lecture 2 (January 13) What is a Psychological way to Define Being Abnormal?The way to determine if a person’s behavior is abnormal doesn’t stem from a set definition. Instead, there are several interlocking criteria that define abnormality, which are:- Norm Violation and/or Statistical Rarity- The Behavior May or May Not Cause Personal Discomfort(This would be things like alcoholism or schizophrenia)- The Behavior May or May Not Be Dangerous- The Behavior Compromises the Person’s or Other People’s Wellbeing- *Remember to look at the behavior in CONTEXT. (A behavior a person demonstrates could be considered normal or appropriate around friends, but not around their parents.)What About Group Differences Concerning Mental Health Problems?- Gender plays a big role in these differences. For instance, there is reportedly a 2:1 female to male ratio rate of depression in America. Why could that be? There are severalreasons.- Is it rate or self report?-Males tend to internalize things like depression, since the model of a true man in America is not of a male who talks about “his feelings” much. This could be a factor in surveys; males not feeling as comfortable in admitting symptoms as much as females do.Socio-Economic Status(SES) also show differences.- Those with a low SES are shown to have a higher likelihood of developing mental health problems.- Consider which way that goes though; Do people with low SES have higher risks of mental health problems, or do those with mental health problems have a higher likelihood of having a low SES?- There is research on both theories; being a good psychologist means looking at multiple possibilities to problems, like in the previous point.Age is another factor to consider.- Men and women ages 30-44 show the most risk to developing any mental health problem.- There is a table on page 8 in your textbook that talks more about that. It would be a very good idea to know that table for the test.- Younger boys (9-10y/o) show a much higher rate for disorders than girls at the same age,which evens out at around 16, and then switches so that females show a higher rate than males.-This could be because of external disorders (such as ADHD, ODD, etc.) are something younger boys get diagnosed with because of their tendency to “act out” as boys tend to do. As they get older, they “settle down”, and more internal disorders (such as depression and anxiety) are reported in females as they age.Ethnicity also plays a role in people who develop mental health problems.- Suicide rates in America are as follows:Caucasian and American Indians have the same rate of suicide, and both have a greater rate of suicide than African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans, who all have closer rates to one another. Why is this?- Some factors researched are family structures, social systems (if it is considered selfish or dishonorable to kill oneself in a society then there are less rates of it), religion/spirituality (those with religions tend to view life as something worth more than those without it), and variances of social support within ethnic backgrounds.Lecture 3 (January 15)Covert behaviors are things people do that we can observe.- In the case of a schizophrenic, those behaviors would include disorganized thinking, hallucinations, etc.Overt behaviors are things people do that we cannot observe.- Examples using a schizophrenic again would be self-talk or conversations, speech abnormalities, social withdraw, etc.So Why Do We Behave the Way We Do?There are two reasons why we behave: to gain something, or to avoid something. For example:- We cross our legs to gain comfort, and to avoid social attention. (Think about it: You cross your legs, making yourself seem smaller, which avoids attention.)- We exercise to gain better health and fitness, and to avoid being unhealthy and diseases that come along with that.- We brush our teeth to gain clean teeth and clean breath, and to avoid social stigma and cavities.*Matthew McConaughey brushes his teeth around 15 times a day (making him a compulsive teeth brusher). This abnormal behavior fun fact may just be a bonus question on a test.This process is referred to as the Function of Behavior .This table shows how behavior increases or decreases when met with consequences orpunishments. In other words, what that person gains/obtains or avoids/loses.It would be a good idea to know this for the test.BehaviorIncreases DecreasesGained or Obtained Reinforcement (PositiveConsequence)Punishment (Positive)ConsequenceAvoided or Lost Reinforcement (NegativeConsequence)Punishment (Negative)Lecture 4 (January 20)The DSM-5 is the “bible” of psychology, the go-to guide for any question. It has a very medical/biogenic (illness as a result of a malfunction in the body) approach to dealing with mental illness, and treats abnormal behaviors as diseases. There are steps to diagnosis, which are:- Identifying the symptom(s)- Assessment/Diagnosis- Treatment- Evaluation (After treatment; a follow-up visit)Conduction and NeurotransmissionThis is the basic structure of a neuron: (You should know for the test.)There are some definitions of a neuron that you need to know:- Dendrite- Branches receiving messages from neurons- Soma- Keeps the cell alive- Neuron- Nerve cells that send/receive messages through CNS and PNS- Axon- Tube-like structure that carries messages to cells- Synapse- Space between neurons- Neurotransmitters- Chemicals that transmit information to and from neurons.There are also a few more things that are useful to know concerning this topic.- Pleasure neurotransmitters are known as dopamine.- There are 100-120 billion neurons in a person.- Nodes of Ranvier- Helps conductionPsychogenic