UGC 111 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I Islam Outline of Current Lecture II Islam cont Current Lecture Islam After Mohammad s death a successor was chosen by his people called a Caliph Upon these successors being introduced Islam burst Large military expansion Welfare programs established for poor orphans elderly widows disabled Trade was not taxed Koran compiled by 650 680 Houssein Ali elected to be the next Caliph related to Mohammad assassinated by a rival group of people a dynasty Dynasty moved and Baghdad became capital of Islam Leadership became more lavish and royal unlike the original successors Baghdad had royal court trade center governed Islamic world Battle of Karbala 680 argued about how Caliphs should be appointed By the community Sunni By someone related to him Shiite Body of religious scholars Uluma interpreted Koran and Hadith compiled Islamic law code Shariah Shariah comments on all aspects of daily life Covers religious ritual Comments on politics Economic matters Judicial matters application of laws Social issues marriage divorce inheritance childcare food and drink States that Muslims are forbidden from marrying someone that does not believe in God A Muslim man can marry either a Jew or a Christian but does not apply to women These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Governs personal etiquette women should protect themselves from the gaze of others protect their bodies cover everything including their hair men should cover themselves from waist to knees Differs from western law in three ways o Some of the flaws in the Shariah are believed to be divinely inspired others based on traditional practice o Includes virtually all actions that take place in a person s life all encompassing has a scale where all things are weighed some actions are commanded must do them some are recommended some are disapproved of and some are forbidden o Practically unchangeable 1200 Shariah had formed a series of legal principles which included The presumption of innocence innocent until proven guilty Usury is forbidden All Muslims are judged equally before the law If a Muslim was brought to court he had the right for legal representation Certain human rights guaranteed Forbidden for any legal action to be taken on the basis of race or religion or familial tie 900 1100 Golden Age of Islam Islam spread its territory and also established itself 5 hospitals in Baghdad run by public money Centers of learning Cordova over a million people Library of 400 000 volumes 900 public baths 80 000 shops Islamic scholars translated texts into Arabic which they got from Greece Persia and India Islamic scholars approved of certain Greek authors Pythagoras Aristotle etc He who pursues the road to knowledge God will direct to the road of paradise knowledge was very important since God created the world it was obligatory for a Muslim to try to understand it Oldest Mosque Great Mosque Damascus o Islam forbids figured pictures but this mosque was full of murals it was made too early escaped it Cordova Mosque built in 987 o Mihrad chamber that faces toward Mecca o Very decorative elaborate Muslims came in contact with the east Persia India China opened up trade routes which led to prosperity o Traded a number of items that were new to the western world o Imported silk from China porcelain spices cinnamon cotton fruit oranges lemons apricots cane sugar 398 before Mohammad s birth Christians in the city of Alexandria burnt down a huge library Islamic science 900 1100 came into contact with many texts and absorbed it most developed science in the world Mathematics o Our number decimal system came from Arabs o Concept of zero o Geometry applying it to architecture and music o Pythagorean theorem o Any word in the English language starting with al is an Arabic word algebra algorithm Astronomy o Observatory to look at stars and calculate movement of stars and planets o Preserved Ptolemy s text Almagest which reconstructed our solar system o Constellations and planetary systems o Astrolabe tool used to determine your longitude and latitude by the stars important so they could tell where they were in relation to Mecca o Sextant used to determine where you are o Time keeping important because they must pray 5 times a day coordinated Botany Zoology o Especially interested in pharmaceutical use of plants medicine o Encyclopedias of animals Medicine o Many medical texts translated to Arabic o Texts written on gynecology pediatrics etc o Medical encyclopedias on how to treat illness o Surgical textbooks o College of Medicine 13th century in Baghdad and Damascus with their own hospitals including library childcare separate wings for different illnesses etc Engineering o Developed accurate water clock double action pump complex gear system 1 in every 4 people in the world are Muslim There are two sects Sunni and Shiite Shiite is about 14 modern day live in Iran and Southern Iraq Shiites use names not used by Sunnis Ex Abdul Shiites pray differently have different postures Shiites pay more for charity Have different festivals Ignore the rule that you cannot make pictures with figures in them Two other sects that are important Wahhabism Taliban Taliban northern Afghanistan conservative form of Islam strictly enforce Shariah computers education for women are forbidden Wahhabism official sect in Saudi Arabia very conservation only believes in texts dating to first 3 Caliphs after Mohammad s death strictly enforces Shariah forbids music women driving cars dancing etc