1. Oxygen level dropping. Ozone combines with Carbon to make Carbon Dioxide when fossil fuels are burned. Petition: oxygen is decreasing2. Ratio of stable isotope Carbon. Isotopes can tell us about the source of Carbon. Many elements have more than one isotope. Consider it as a unit of weight.Example, Carbon 13 and Carbon 12, Nitrogen 15 and Nitrogen 14.Fossil fuels are decayed plants. Fossil fuel emission are resulting in lower ration of Carbon 12 (going up)/ Carbon 13 (staying same).The change in ratio = burning fossil fuelsCaron 12 is the fossil fuel carbon. (photosynthesis)Stable means they don’t decay, they are nonradioactive.3. Carbon 14 (radioactive isotopes)There is no Carbon 14 (made of atmosphere and doesn’t last) in fossil fuels, hence increasing Carbon 12/Caron 13/Carbon 14All signs are that Carbon Dioxide rise is primarily human made (known with high certainty)US National Research CouncilNC Government believes its human caused.97% of climate experts agree that humans are a major contributor to global warming.Cherry-picking – selecting data with larger data sets to prove point.IPCC – create reports on information from scientist around the world. Predicts increase of ~3 to 7 degrees F.Carbon emissions continue to increase.Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide change slowly.Greenhouse gases trap heat differently.Feedback MechanismsDarker colors absorb energyWhite reflects (snow)Albedo is the reflectivity of the planet.Absorb where is was once reflected because the artic circle is melting.Planet will get hotter based on loss of reflection.Methane1. Leaks out of vent (natural vent), Gulf of Mexico.2. Trapped in permafrost.3. GarbageGlobal is warming more at the poles than by equator. (Permafrost)Sharp rise in methane (still rising) is because of regulations (fixing up)Example, fixing leaking pipes, gas tanks, and building.Negative feedback loop – Stabilizing forcePositive feedback loop –creates change.BIO 105 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 20Part 1: The Amazing Universe Origin of Diversity:Vocab-- Geocentric – having or representing earth as the center of the universe. - Heliocentric – sun as center of the universe- Deep time – James Hutton (Late 1700’s) It’s the concept of geological time, earth is very old, billions of years. o Requires deep thought and studyo Contrasts with creationism and some other creation mythologies in which views Earth history as occupying only a few thousand years old. - Light year – distance that electromagnetic radiation can travel in a vacuum in one year, approx. 6trillion miles. - Big Bang - The cause is a mystery. Cosmological theory. Universe origin is 13.7 billions years ago rom violent explosion of a very small agglomeration of matter of extreme high density and temperature, and that all matter, space, and living forms that exists today derived from this event. - Galaxy – largest recognizable structures in the universe o Clusters of super-clusterso “Ours” The Milky Wayo Billions of stars  billions of galaxies  Universe- Stars – largest ball of gas that creates and emits own radiation- Supernova – final stage of life for very large star.o Creates heavier elements, provided matter for our solar system- Chemical element – More than 100 known substances. These can’t be brocken down to simpler ones.- Redshift - an apparent shift toward longer wavelengths of spectral lines in the radiation emitted by an object caused by the emitting object moving away from the observer. Said another way: The reddening of light from a star or galaxy that is moving away from us, due to the Doppler effect. The shift of light emitted by stars in distant galaxies that indicates that they are receding from us. Most famously, redshifts are observed in the spectra from distant galaxies, quasars, andintergalactic gas clouds to increase proportionally with the distance to the object. This is generally considered to be one of the major forms of evidence that the universe is expanding, as predicted by the Big Bang model.- Doppler Effect - (C.J. Doppler): The apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both. Waves emitted by a moving object as received by an observer will be blue shifted (compressed) if approaching, red shifted (elongated) if receding. Itoccurs both in sound and light. How much the frequency changes depend on how fast the objectis moving toward or away from the receiver.- Cosmology – The study or understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe as a whole.- Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) thermal radiation left over from the big bang of cosmology.- Copernican Revolution – 1543, Nicolas Copernicus –heliocentric model- o Explained the observed motions of the planets (peculiar motion of mars) by assuming a central sun around which all planets rotated, with the slower planets having orbits farther from the sun.o Planets rotate around their axis.The Elegant Universe““The discovery that the universe is expanding was one of the great intellectual revelations of the 20th century. It could have been predicted as early as the 18th century, yet so strong was our belief in a staticUniverse that this idea persisted into the 20th century.” ~ Stephen S. Hawking A Brief History of Time, 1988"I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use." ~ Galileo GalileiOrigins of Diversity – Single origin, change is constant, uniformity moves to ever increasing complexity. Cosmic distance ladder – Extragalactic distance scale. Astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects that are close enough to Earth. Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine distance at the next high rung. Astronomical Distances – based on distances between sun and earth. History of Universe – 1. Big Bang: explosion that generated time and space. It created matter and energy. “Inflation” peculiar type of energy that exists in a vacuum of space suddenly mobilized. 2. Inflation only lasted a tiny fraction of a second. The universe continued to expand but at a slowerrate. First gravity formed, then strong force (nucleus & atoms) & and then electromagnetic forces. 3. First few minutes, simple elements were formed. There was an abundance of Hydrogen and Helium.4. 300,000 -500,000 years or so, Universe remained an enormous