Bio 105 1st Edition Lecture 29 Past Lecture (28)What are some solutions?- Regulation of industry- Reduction of demandsThe lost 50% of mangrove forests, not all due to shrimp farmingShrimp farming (mangrove ecosystem)- Helps with availability for shrimp- Highly-fertile coastal ecosystems (mostly in tropical places)- Popular shrimp in aquacultureo Brown shrimp, white shrimp, tiger shrimp. All compete for same resources and this creates problems for wild shrimp/ecosystem.Fisheries Collapse- NC oyster fisheries collapse ~100 years ago- Pre-colonial days, oyster filtered in Chesapeake Bay in approx. 3.3 days and now it’s 325 days.- Causes are from overuse of fertilizer, including nitrogen, not all from farms, but from people who want green grass year round.Fertilizer run off (Nitrogen)- Influx of nitrogen- Phytoplankton blooms, then dies and falls to the bottom of the ocean.- Bacteria population explodes on dead plankton- Bacteria use the oxygen needed by fish, crabs, clams- Anoxia (Without oxygen) or hypoxia (low levels of oxygen) results creating D2 etc. - Animals have different oxygen requirements - 1960’s – 49 D2- Now – 405 D2How to take actions- Rethink what a “great yard” should look like- Plants native species- Use organicWhat can you do to protect oceans?- Eat less seafoodThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Help with steam clean up projects- Don’t tolerate littering- Recycle- Reduce uses of plasticsWays to support biodiversity in NC- Buy locally grown, organic food- Philanthropy (e.g. volunteer, donate)- Buy a hunting or fishing license.Over the last 15 years, only 34 (.03) development projects were started.Current Lecture (29)Ecology – Is the large context. The study of how organisms interact with each other and the non-living environment. (Eco is from Greek word oikos meaning house.) (biotic and abiotic)- Ecology is not a course, it’s foundation of all courses, all interactions, and all human affairs. Biology – the study of life (subset of ecology) All human activities are activities of life. Biosphere – living part of the Earth from the deepest part of the ocean to the top of Mount Everest. Ecosystem (are nested into each other)  communities (biotic)  populations (one species living in particular area)  organismEcosystem examples: squirrel, tree, pond*No ecosystem, community, or organism can be understood in isolation, including humans. *There’s no such thing as independence. Interdependence is what we witness. Watershed - The area of land from which rainfall (and/or snow melt) drains into a single point. Watersheds are also sometimes referred to as drainage basins or drainage areas. Ridges of higher ground generally form the boundaries between watersheds. At these boundaries, rain falling on one side flows toward the low point of one watershed, while rain falling on the other side of the boundary flows toward the low point of a different watershed. We are in Cape Fear watershed. There are two major ones in NC.Abiotic- Tides, winds, waves, beach, sand, atmosphere, storms, soil, or water.“Salmon in the trees”- Near salmon streams, 70% of vegetation is from ocean origin. (We can find this figure with stable isotopes.- Female salmon swim up freshwater streams to lay their eggs and then die after. The dead salmon’s nutrient is added to the soil/vegetation around the rivers.Ecosystems are linked through elements: marine linked with terrestrial and freshwater- Salmon- Bears- Terrestrail insects- Birds- Soil- Treed- Stream insects, etc.All life exists in the expense of other life. No life can sustain itself.Why is death important/essential to life?- Decomposition- Allows new life to exist- Provides habitat- Nutrients cycling- Soil fertility- Energy flow- Death is not only natural it’s generative. - Death supports lifeHow Whales change climateEcological process starts at top of food chain and works it’s way to the bottom. Whales eat plankton and plankton absorbs carbon dioxide. More whales result is more carbon that is taken out of