1. Oxygen level dropping. Ozone combines with Carbon to make Carbon Dioxide when fossil fuels are burned. Petition: oxygen is decreasing2. Ratio of stable isotope Carbon. Isotopes can tell us about the source of Carbon. Many elements have more than one isotope. Consider it as a unit of weight.Example, Carbon 13 and Carbon 12, Nitrogen 15 and Nitrogen 14.Fossil fuels are decayed plants. Fossil fuel emission are resulting in lower ration of Carbon 12 (going up)/ Carbon 13 (staying same).The change in ratio = burning fossil fuelsCaron 12 is the fossil fuel carbon. (photosynthesis)Stable means they don’t decay, they are nonradioactive.3. Carbon 14 (radioactive isotopes)There is no Carbon 14 (made of atmosphere and doesn’t last) in fossil fuels, hence increasing Carbon 12/Caron 13/Carbon 14All signs are that Carbon Dioxide rise is primarily human made (known with high certainty)US National Research CouncilNC Government believes its human caused.97% of climate experts agree that humans are a major contributor to global warming.Cherry-picking – selecting data with larger data sets to prove point.IPCC – create reports on information from scientist around the world. Predicts increase of ~3 to 7 degrees F.Carbon emissions continue to increase.Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide change slowly.Greenhouse gases trap heat differently.Feedback MechanismsDarker colors absorb energyWhite reflects (snow)Albedo is the reflectivity of the planet.Absorb where is was once reflected because the artic circle is melting.Planet will get hotter based on loss of reflection.Methane1. Leaks out of vent (natural vent), Gulf of Mexico.2. Trapped in permafrost.3. GarbageGlobal is warming more at the poles than by equator. (Permafrost)Sharp rise in methane (still rising) is because of regulations (fixing up)Example, fixing leaking pipes, gas tanks, and building.Negative feedback loop – Stabilizing forcePositive feedback loop –creates change.Bio 105 1st Edition Lecture 21Past Lecture (20)There’s a relationship btw Carbon Dioxide and temperature. Are humans culpable?Natural causes of climate changes on Earth- Tectonic activity: Climate is due to oceans. There once was 1 entire continent, Pangaea. Tectonic movement changes ocean currents. - Milankavitch Cycle – Earth and the way it moves changes the climate. o Shape of orbit, tilt, precession (wobble)- Solar Variable - There are different times where we will recent more/less energy from the sun. - Volcanic activity – events like El Nino.-*These were all once causes of climate change, but now society is the issue.Example, we have low solar energy now, but the temperatures keep increasing- When did our species arrive? About 200,000 years ago- Earth becoming warmer than it has ever been because of civilization. Anthropogenic: 1. Oxygen level dropping. Ozone combines with Carbon to make Carbon Dioxide when fossil fuels are burned. Petition: oxygen is decreasing2. Ratio of stable isotope Carbon. Isotopes can tell us about the source of Carbon. Manyelements have more than one isotope. Consider it as a unit of weight. - Example, Carbon 13 and Carbon 12, Nitrogen 15 and Nitrogen 14. o Fossil fuels are decayed plants. Fossil fuel emission are resulting in lower ration of Carbon 12 (going up)/ Carbon 13 (staying same).- The change in ratio = burning fossil fuels- Caron 12 is the fossil fuel carbon. (photosynthesis)- Stable means they don’t decay, they are nonradioactive. 3. Carbon 14 (radioactive isotopes)- There is no Carbon 14 (made of atmosphere and doesn’t last) in fossil fuels, hence increasing Carbon 12/Caron 13/Carbon 14These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- All signs are that Carbon Dioxide rise is primarily human made (known with highcertainty) - US National Research CouncilNC Government believes its human caused.- 97% of climate experts agree that humans are a major contributor to global warming. - Cherry-picking – selecting data with larger data sets to prove point. - IPCC – create reports on information from scientist around the world. Predicts increase of ~3 to 7 degrees F.- Carbon emissions continue to increase. - Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide change slowly.- Greenhouse gases trap heat differently.Feedback Mechanisms- Darker colors absorb energy- White reflects (snow)- Albedo is the reflectivity of the planet.- Absorb where is was once reflected because the artic circle is melting. - Planet will get hotter based on loss of reflection.Methane 1. Leaks out of vent (natural vent), Gulf of Mexico.2. Trapped in permafrost.3. Garbage Global is warming more at the poles than by equator. (Permafrost)- Sharp rise in methane (still rising) is because of regulations (fixing up)- Example, fixing leaking pipes, gas tanks, and building.Negative feedback loop – Stabilizing force Positive feedback loop –creates change. Current Lecture (21)The oceans are becoming wamer and more acidicOcean acidification- Ocean have absorbed excess heat over the past several decades. - Coral bleaching- Polar bearsFive reasons why the speed of artic ice loss matter1. Loss of albedo means more heat is absorbed2. Thawing permafrost amplifies warming (Methane) – positive feedback loop3. Ocean circulations could change. Freshwater runoff disrupted part of our ocean circulation system.4. Melting Sea ice can influence winter weather. Pressure changes alter jet stream. It meanders more. *the rate of SLR during next 100 years is going to be considerably higher than that of last 100 years. 5. Melting Greenland Ice sheet (land ice) raises sea level (SLR)SLR is accelerating in NC…three to four times the global average. Scientists predict 39 degrees by 2100.- Global releases of carbon have doubles in the last 30 years. - Global human population may reach of 9 billion by mid-century- Deep unwillingness to address threats by government and society- Some potential implications of climate changeo Tropical diseases move into temperature latitudes. E.g. Malaria, West Nile virus, Encephalitis, Dengue fever (virus)o Sea level rise will invade coastal citieso Long-term change could disrupt civilizations.- The potential outcomes of increase GHS emissiono Species losses increaseo Plankton decreaseo Oceanic food chains disruptedo Corals decreaseo Carbonate shells (snails, starfish, lobster, oysters, clams, mussels, scallops) decreaseo Fish, sea