Bio 105 1st Edition Lecture 17Past Lecture (16)- Elements heavier than H and He are made from stars.- Science is telling us there’s a single origin.- Hydrogen is the most abundant in the universe (75%)- The periodic chart after the Big Bang would only be Hydrogen, Lithium, Beryllium, and Helium.Stars- WE are made up of star dust (literally)- Stars are made of Hydrogen, fueled by fusing Hydrogen and Helium.- The average size of the first stars are much larger that today.- Giant star -> short life spans (one billion years or less)- Our sun is considered an average star (10-12 billion years)- The fate of the star depends on it’s mass, size.- Red Giant – when a star is about to die. it sucks up all the plants around it. Life won’t survive. - The supernova explosion is the last state of life for a giant star. They have temperatures that exists nowhere else. And if it’s big enough, it will turn into a black hole.- 1st generation stars die and then there are 2nd and 3rd generation stars. We don’t know the generations of our sun, but it could be possible 2nd generation.- Crab Nebula today- star was visible during daylight. It was recorded in 1045 AD supernova. (Chinese, Japan, Arabs, and Anasazi)Why can’t there be plants with the first generation?-The elements aren’t there. They haven’t been created yet. Stars must go supernova before we get the plants. You --> Life --> Earth --> Solar System --> elements --> 2nd generation stars --> supernova explosion --> heavier elements --> 1st generation --> galaxies --> Stelliferious era begins --> Hydrogen and Helium --> Big bang inflation --> Deep inflation*Not scientifically valid to say that life and matter are separate systemsFate of Universe- 3.8 billions years old- Stelliferous era ends when universe is about 100th million years old. - Accelerating expansion – can expand to the point where stars can’t be made.- Once it ends, the era of darkness will begin.- The universe is on a knife-edge.o If laws of physics have been slightly different he universe would have never formed. The Goldilock Enigma – why does the universe exist and why are there humans in it?- Because it’s just right!Multiverse= more universes. There are many, and each has it’s own physics.Current lecture (17)Redshift – 1920’sCMB – 1960COBE – 1992WMAP – 2003Why is the universe story important?Shows us…- That the unfolding of the universe is a continuum of which we are a part of. - Our history is the same (single-beginning – same development)- The incredible nature of our intelligence.Omnia exeunt in mysterium – no matter how much we study, we find more and more mystery.Our solar system1. Nebula-gaseous collection of matter that started creation of universe.2. Starts to spin (gravity comes into play)3. Sun lights up, and dust comes together.4. Plants are createdSun (5 billion)Proto-sun = early sunPeriod of Great Bombardment (earliest phase of history of Solar System)- We know the age of the solar system because of the rocks on Earth.- Asteroids that enter Earth because Earth is so technically active. (Earthquakes, etc.)1. Formation of Moon (giant impact hypothesis) – widely accepted, but still controversial. Oblique collision between Earth and Thea.How long do start live for?-Not forever, they eventually use up all their hydrogen (fuel)Complex LifePrinciple of Mediocrity – Earth is a typical planet Universe likely teams with complex life elsewhere (COMMON)Rare Earth Hypothesis – emergence of complex life is highly improbably. (RARE)Life arising during the period of great bombardment (“outgassing”, there was no ozone layer)- Through pre-biotic chemical evolutiono Abiogenesis - No stratosphere – the protective layer (no ozone)- Very low level of gaseous (Hydrogen) in troposphere.Early Earth – Abundant ultraviolet light, lighting, and radiation. Conditions in which life is