Bio 105 1st Edition Lecture 15Past Lecture (14)Galileo (early 1600s)- Developed Copernicus’s idea, “model”, and pushed it.- Telescopes showed the Universe was imperfect. For example, there were spots on the sun.- The Universe is much bigger than anyone thought it was.Universal Laws of Motion and gravityIsaac Newton (Late 17th – early 18th’)- First person to lay out laws of motion and gravity.- Actually spent more time studying and reading the bible.- Believed the universe was like a machine. “Clock-work universe”, the mechanical universe.- Thought everything was predictable.- Universe is deterministic.- Gravity as a force between two objects.Albert Einstein (early 20th)- Changed the understanding of Universe in ways that is still holding up.- Established our modern view of Universe.- General Relativity (1915) – replaced neutron’s theory of Gravity.- Einstein’s Universeo Described gravity in a new way.o Gravity not a force, nut a distortion of space and time.o Matter is a form of energyo Finding predicted on expanding or contracting and he didn’t accept that. He adjusted theequation to fit astatic ( non-changing, non-evolutionary) Universe.Edwin Hubble (early 20th)- Observed redshift* of galaxies- The indicated the expansion of space.- Dobbler Effect - The apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both. Waves emitted by a moving object as received by an observer will be blue shifted (compressed) if approaching, red shifted (elongated) if receding. It occurs both in sound and light. How much the frequency changes depend on how fast the object is moving toward or away from the receiver. This explains redshift.- Hubble law – describes the movement of the galaxies away from each other as evidence by the red shift.- Space is increasing between galaxies created by redshift.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Discovery is the expansion of the Universe completely changed the discussion about its origin.There are two competing theories of the origin1. Steady State Theory – Universe has no beginning or end. Infinitely old, always the same (Fred Hoyles) But it doesn’t explain distribution of the elements.2. Big Bang – The Universe began as a super lot. Expansion of energetic radiation. Space and time comes into existence. - George Gamow and Georges Lemaîtice- Gamow predicted the radiation from initial events still in the Universe afterglow. Penzias and WilsonCosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). This was the most important discovery.- Steady state theory was no longer competition, the debate ends.- Falls in place about prediction made about Big Bang. - Serendipity – making fortunate discovery by accident.Science of Cosmology advances. Why? Because of evidence.Big Bang Theory explains- - Cosmological Redshift (dobbler)- Cosmic microwave background radiation.- Distribution of elements in Universe (abundance of Hydrogen)All findings have been consistent with predictions of the theory.Current Lecture (15)Universe - The universe was once a zone of nearly infinite density and gravity with near zero volume.- Not all matter crunched up in tiny space.- No one knows where the universe came from – deep mysteryIt starts with hyper-expansion.- Space comes into existence and continues to expand today.- This event is the genesis of all matter and energy known- Single originSingularity – super dense, single volume.Hyperinflation – period of super expansion that is over by 10^-32 seconds- Stable particles (proton and neurons) start to form at 1 second.- Hydrogen and Helium form in the first 100 seconds (this is why there is an abundance of these elements.- Matter was distilled out of radiant energy.Stelliferious Era (present era) – aka era of galaxiesAndromeda Galaxy – 2.5 million light years away. Light we see today was generated when Hydrogen ancestors were just beginning to stand up right.What is our universe expanding into?The expansion rate is more important than it first appears.-Smaller- the universe would collapse-Greater- it would be essentially empty Neither case would it have lasted enough for life to develop Smoothness of the Universe… became a nagging problem.- If everything was perfectly smooth was forces would initiate the galaxies?- Hubble telescope launched in 1900’s and the smoothness problem still persists.- 1992, COBE map solves the smoothness problem- WMAP 2003o Age and development of the universeo 13.7 billion years oldo Compositions of elements- 1965 – Penzias and Wilson- 1992 – COBE- 1998 – Accelerating Universe, the first billion years steady expansion, then rate suddenly increase. (findings from the Hubble Telescope)- 2003 – WMAP- 2009 –Planck Satellite launched (European Space Agency)o universe is 13.8 billion years old5% of visible matter of the Universe. (atoms)27% of dark matter, accounts for the rotational speed of galaxies. We can’t collect data directly, we knowthe date because of the effect.68% dark energy, accounts for the rate of expansion of universe. Most abundant in life: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and