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UNCG BIO 105 - Losses Heighten Awareness

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Lecture 2Past LectureLosses heighten awareness-Once population grew, people became aware of what was changing around them.- Animal extinctions- Tree (engraving) o Destruction of forests. Forests are renewable resources but they take time to grow.Technology: ax/cross-cut saw-Technologies changed through time-Transformed landscape of North AmericaRoads caused serious erosionVirgin Forest – (1820) When the forest is older than the trees. Now only 5%-The forest grows trees over hundreds of years until they die and then the process happens over again.-The forest is much older than the trees that are there.Slow growing trees produce better lumber that fast growing trees and is much more valuable.Waterways are impactedRivers/streams became used for transportation.- Example: splash dam. First they would make a dam, It floods behind. Then the dam is blown up with dynamite and the water caries the large logs down to the sawmill.o Impacts --- sediment loads increase, stream bed widen, stream straightened, banks and beds damages, fishhabitat disruptedo At times, less than ½ of the logs would make it to the sawmill. Influenced writersRomantic-transcendental preservationist(belief in unity of God and the world)Ralph Walden Emerson- Argued for intimacy with nature- “Behind nature, through nature, spirit’s present”Henry David Thoreau BIO 105 1st Edition- Exalted nature- Interested in human-nature relationship and studied this by living closest nature in a simple life. Preservationist EthicJohn Muir – 1838 – 1914- Practical - Challenges John Locke’s view- We seek more possessions than we need- Value of solitude- Greed is driving our self-interest- Government must get involved and they can bring everything under control.- Yosemite National Park founder - Founder of Sierra Club (1890’s)- “Forests are gods first temple”Resource Conservation Ethic(Conservation for use, ability)Gifford Pinchot – Anthropocentric Leadership put conservation of forests high on America’s priority list. - Forest should be preserved.- Utilitarian - Desired waste, stressed efficiency- Conservation for development- “Wise use”- Forestry is tree farming (study of lumber production)- Unwilling to accept non-economic value- Fought both industry and preservationist. - “The greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time”Burdon of ProofObligation to prove against the default.The practical distance between anthropocentric and non-anthropocentricIs there a difference in conserving for anthropocentric reasons and conserving for intrinsic value reasons?Anthropocentric instrumental value Non-anthropocentric intrinsic valueConserve biodiversityBiodiversity is only instrumentally valuable Burdon of proof  ConservationistsBiodiversity is both instrumental and intrinsically valuable Burdon of proofDevelopers Current Lecture20th century Roosevelt and MuirRoosevelt and Pinchot Forest Service Department of Agriculture (FSD)- Pinchot, land set aside for “wise use”National Park Service (NPS)- Muir, land under strict protection for the purpose of preservation.-Both FSD and NPS have ecological complications. The FSD allows mining that leads to the land to erode. The NPS has a“hand’s off” approach and sometime it’ll backfire. **Diverse ecosystems help biodiversity**Logging is helpful but is harmful if done incorrectly. Logging can lead to erosion, and because of the unsupportive groundsurface. And also, sometimes will lead to empty mountaintops. NFS forestland in Western North Carolina has a vast majority of the same-age trees and contains little variety. The ages range from 60-100 years old because that is around the time when the government came under control of the land. (Meadows and young forests are highly productive)There are a few benefits from disturbance—Fire, mowing, carefully, clear-cut light growing.Mosaic landscape promotes diversity and is well desired. Aldo Leopold: (mid 20th century) set the foundation for “modern” conservation. He grew up learning the ideas of Pinchot and used his training (ears, eyes) to observe and began to see things differently. Leopold began to understand a system of interrelated processes and species, including humans (the “land”). He challenged what is “right” and The Land Ethic (there’s the good, the bad, or the not needed). Believed the community was no longer including just humans, but all the land, soil, plants, animals, and water. It matters what the outcomes or results is. Both urged for government


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