BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 42 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI Respiration 2 classes of respiratory surfaces Marine organisms Terrestrial organisms Nose Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Trachea Lungs How do you breathe Important terms Birds Circulatory System Veins Heart Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 42 cont I II III IV V VI Electrocardiogram Systems of blood flow Different types of circulatory systems Differences in fetal circulation Blood Blood Composition a Plasma b Cellular elements i RBC 1 Hemoglobin ii Platelets iii WBC Current Lecture Chapter 42 cont I II III IV V Electrocardiogram a P wave excitation and contraction of atria b Q wave excitation and contraction for ventricles c T wave recovery of ventricles Systems of blood flow a Pulmonary system heart to lung and then back to heart b Systemic system heart to body and back to heart Different types of circulatory systems a Fish Two chambered heart b Amphibians 3 chambered c Mammals and birds 4 chambered Differences in Fetal circulation i Oxygen comes from placenta ii Bypass lungs because do not need to pick up oxygen from lungs iii Bypass liver because filtering of baby s blood is done by mother iv No mixing of fetal and mother blood b Foramen ovale opening between atria i Sometimes doesn t close in fetal development and this causes a hole in the heart c Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary artery to aorta i Closes up so normal circulation is established when umbilical cord is tied d Ductus venosus takes blood away from body to vena cava i Shunts majority of blood away from liver ii First breath allows for this to close and establish normal circulation Blood a It IS a tissue a group of cells that do something together i Connective tissue ii Figure 42 17 b Responsible for i Transport ii Clot iii Fighting infections c Figure 42 19 i Stem cells in bone marrow 1 Lymphoid stem cells lymphocytes a B cells b T cells 2 Myeloid stem cells a Erythrocytes b Basophils c platelets d Eosinophils e Monocytes f Neutrophils VI Blood Composition a 55 plasma i Plasma 1 Mostly water a Carries stuff around oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients hormones vitamins lipids i Usually carried by carriers 2 Ions a Help with osmotic buffering pH and regulation of membrane permeability i Ex Sodium potassium bicarbonate calcium magnesium chloride 3 Plasma proteins a Most abundant albumin carries lots of stuff i Osmotic balance and pH buffering b Fibrinogen i Clotting c Immunoglobulins antibodies i Defense b 45 cellular elements i Cell types 1 Erythrocytes red blood cells RBC a Biconcave increases surface area b Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide c 25 million hemoglobin per RBC d Reticulocytes a tiny immature RBC e Can t divide f Live about 120 days i Glycolysis keeps them alive g Flat bones are important in making RBCs i Skull ii Ribs iii Breast bone iv Pelvis v Vertebrae vi Ends of long bones h When there isn t enough oxygen kidney senses that and excretes and enzyme called erythropoietin that signals to the bones that they need to make more RBCs i Cells in liver breakdown old RBCs i Recovers iron and reuses it ii Heme ends up in bile j Blue bloods animals that use copper instead of iron i Is it better to have pigment inside cell or outside cell in the plasma 1 Inside cell because it makes it easier to control osmotic balance k Hemoglobin i Make up 1 2 beta chains 2 2 alpha chains 3 Heme on inside that carries iron 4 Oxygen does not attach very tightly to iron ii Characteristics 1 Cooperativity a When 1 oxygen attached to iron it goes through a conformational change that allows for a greater affinity for more oxygen molecules to be attached 2 Allosteric 3 Higher affinity for carbon monoxide a Carbon monoxide poisoning blocks binding of oxygen iii Figure 42 32 1 In body CO2 produced 2 CO2 follows concentration gradient into capillaries and moves through membrane and into plasma and then into WBC 3 CO2 binds to water to make carbonic acid to form bicarbonate ion to create a hydrogen ion 4 CO2 can then bind to hemoglobin with the help of the a hydrogen ion 5 This makes the oxygen release 6 Moves to lungs 7 Then when it moves out to lungs there is a reverse of the above process a Bicarbonate and H ion bind to make carbonic acid that will release CO2 and water which will move from RBC to capillary to membrane to interstitial fluid to body iv Figure 42 1 Bohr shif 1 Important because the H ion changes the pH from about 7 6 to about 7 2 2 Tells hemoglobin to get rid of oxygen v Hydrogen ion negative allosteric modulators vi Nitric oxide allows for the relaxation of capillaries that increases the flow of oxygen vii Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than mother 1 Doesn t have beta chains has gamma chains a Sickle cell anemia is a problem with beta chains 2 Platelets a Important for blood clotting b Figure 42 18 Clotting factors come from platelets damaged cells and plasma Ca vitamin K i tear in wall exposes collagen ii Factors released enzymatic cascade activates prothrombin to thrombin which can produce positive feedback for enzymatic cascade thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin fibrin forms fibrous part of clot called an embolus on collagen which will trap RBCs iii Plasmin will break up embolus c Hemophilia problem with clotting 3 Leukocytes white blood cells WBC a Basophils b Lymphocytes i Immune response antibodies 1 When antibodies bind they go through agglutination basically forms a ball of antibodies and the things it attacked Blood types A B AB O Antigen antibody A B B A A B None None A B 2 Rh factor a Erythroblastosis fetalis b Rh mom and Rh dad produces Rh baby This causes mom to be exposed to Rh blood and would make her produce antibodies against Rh blood and could eventually kill baby because mom s blood attacks baby s blood i Blood doesn t cross to fetus but antibodies do c Eosinophils least common i Increase due to worms and allergies ii Histamine response d Monocytes second most common e Neutrophils most common i Phagocytic eat bacteria