BSC 181 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Classification of JointsII. Fibrous JointsIII. Cartilaginous JointsIV. Synovial JointsV. Other Functions/Structures with Synovial JointsOutline of Current Lecture VI. Range of Motion of Synovial JointsVII. Movements of Synovial JointsVIII. Special Movements of Synovial JointsIX. Other Types of Synovial Joints Current LectureRange of Motion of Synovial Joints: the thing to remember with this is that the muscle tendonsthat cross joints are the most important. It has a stabilizing effect. Also, all muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points. The Origin (which is the attachment that is immovable to bone, or the stable portion), and the Insertion (which is the attachment movable to bone).Nonaxial: is used for slipping movements only an example would be wrists and vertebraeUniaxial: this is movement in only one plane. The hinge joints would be under this category when talking about (flexion/extension) only. An example is the elbow. Biaxial: this is movement in two planes, (flexion/extension, and Abduction/Adduction) an example of this is the finger.Multiaxial: this is movement in or around all three planes. (flexion/extension, Abduction/Adduction, and rotation). An example would be the shoulder.Movements of Synovial Joints: There are three general types of synovial joint movementsGliding: this is when one flat bone glides or slips over another similar surfaceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Angular Movements: this has many underlying categories including Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension (this is not always bad, there are normal movements of hyperextension, it is when a motion passes the midline), Abduction (movement away from the midline), Adduction (movement toward the midline), and Circumduction. You can think of Circumduction as drawing a circle, it is important to remember that this is NOT rotation, although there are places in the body where it can perform both circumduction and rotation.Rotation: this is medial and lateral rotation, and it can be toward the midline or away from itSpecial Movements of Synovial Joints: The special movements include supination and pronation of the radius and ulna. Supination is having palms facing out and pronation is having the palms face in. Another is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. These are the movements that we complete every time we take steps. We also have protraction and retraction, and the elevation and depression of the mandible. We also see elevation and depression when you shrug your shoulders. The last of the special movements is the opposition of the thumb. The opposition of the thumb means that we can touch our thumb to each of our