BSC 181 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Chemical Bonds II. Chemical ReactionsIII. Compounds ContinuedIV. Acids and BasesV. Acid/Base NeutralizationVI. Acid/Base HomeostasisVII. Buffers Outline of Current Lecture VIII. Organic CompoundsIX. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic AcidsX. Different Types of SaccharidesXI. ProteinsCurrent LectureOrganic Compounds: As you may remember from the last lectures, organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon. All molecules that contain carbon are organic, except for CO2 and CO. Organic compounds are also electroneutral which means that they only share electrons (covalent bonding). Because they only share electrons they form four covalent bonds with otherelements. Organic compounds don’t give or receive electrons. Also, organic compounds are synthesized by dehydration synthesis, and they are broken down by hydrolysis reactions.Carbohydrates: carbohydrates are sugars and starches and they contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. They are considered polymers and there are three classes to carbohydrates. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides. (Saccharides: means sweet) Carbohydrates are a major source of cells energy. (Cells energy comes from Glucose which is a carbohydrate)Monosaccharides: (one sugar) these have three to seven carbon atomsDisaccharides: (two sugars) these are too big to pass through the cells membranePolysaccharides: (multiple sugars) this is not very soluble, it gets into body by dissolving in our blood. A few important polysaccharides is starch and glycogen. Starch is importantThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.to us because we cannot make it ourselves in our body, we have to consume it and it is only found in plants. A fun fact is that animals store their glycose as glycogen. We as humans do not like to store our glycogen, we like to use it when we can.Lipids: also contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen like carbohydrates, but is has less carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that carbohydrate. These are soluble in water and there are four differentsubunits to lipids. Neutral fats (aka triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids. There arealso lipoproteins and they help transport fats in the blood.Neutral Fats (triglycerides): these are called fats when they are in solid form, and they are called they are called oils when in liquid form.Phospholipids: these have a head and a tail region. The “head” part of the phospholipid is called Hydrophobic because it does not like water and so it repels water. The “tail” of the phospholipid is Hydrophilic, which means that it likes water. These phospholipids arevery important in cell membrane structure. Steroids: steroids are not used as an energy source, they are used to help build cell membranes, estrogen, and testosterone to name a few examplesEicosanoids: there are many different types of eicosanoids, and they are made from the fatty acids in cell membranes. The most important of the eicosanoids is called a Prostaglandin. Prostaglandin is involved in blood clotting, control of blood pressure, promoting inflammation, and labor contractions.Proteins: (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins) proteins are primarily made out of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins are bonded together through covalent bonds called peptide bonds. It is these bonds that link the amino acids together. Also, the way that the amino acids are arranged, determines the primary structure of the protein. The secondary structure of a protein is determined by the shape that the polypeptide chain takes. The polypeptide chain can either be a coiled or pleated shape. The polypeptide can also take a tertiary structure. This is a three-dimensional shape that the pleats or coils take. The polypeptide chain is fully functional at this stage and it can either stay at this stage or move on to the fourth stage called the quaternary protein. The quaternary protein is a combination of a two or more tertiary structure proteins. Because proteins are fully functional at the tertiary stage, not all of them will get to the quaternary protein stage. Fibrous Proteins: these look like a long wavy strand, and they are water insoluble, they have either a tertiary structure or a quaternary structure. Their function is to provide mechanical support and strength.Globular Protein: looks spherical, is water soluble, and is sensitive to environmental changes. They either have a tertiary structure or a quaternary structure. Think of these as the tools of the body, they can do almost all types of work in the body. The active site of the protein the part that does the work.Protein Denaturalization: if the globular protein becomes unwounded, they therefore change their function. When the shape of the protein becomes damaged, the active site is destroyed. The damage can be caused by a change in pH levels, or a change in temperatures. This damage can be so bad that it is irreversible, however sometimes it can be fixed. The most likely that it will be fixed is if the normal environmental conditions are restored. An example of something that can be reversed is a cooked egg.Enzymes: enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes have specific substrates that they do “work” on. Think of the substrate as the screw and the enzyme as the screwdriver. Enzyme names usually end in –ase, and they are usually named after the thing that they do work on. So for example, the enzyme oxidase, works on