BSC 181 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. Since this is the first lecture, there is not an outline of any previous lecturesOutline of Current Lecture II. A Quick Overview of what Anatomy and Physiology isA. Organizing each Level of Structure in the Human BodyIII. What is Necessary to Maintain LifeA.Definition/Overview of HomeostasisIV. Anatomical Position and Directional TermsCurrent LectureAnatomy: is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Think of anatomy in the form of the questions “What is it?” “What is this structure that I am looking at?”Physiology: is the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery. Think of Physiology as the “What does it do?” “How does it work?” part of the body. The levels of organization are very important to know as they help us to understand how one structure interlocks with another, because you can’t have organs without tissues.The level of organization: Chemical level, Cellular level, A single Organ level, Organ system level (multiple organs working together), A complete OrganismIt is very important to keep our cells alive, because without them we cannot function. We can also not function without all tissues and organs cooperating with each other. I know this seems like a no brainer but it’s always good to review stuff that seems simple because it can help us to understand the more complicated things later.Homeostasis: means maintain stable internal conditions even when changes occur in the environment. You can also think of it as a dynamic state of equilibrium. How Homeostasis is maintained: It is maintained when all of the organ systems work together. There is a continuous monitoring of the systems, and when there is a change in the body these systems are able to communicate that. The Nervous and Endocrine systems communicate These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.changes through nerve impulses. These nerve impulses go to the control center of the body which the brain and spinal cord. When the brain and spinal cord receives these messages, the brain and spinal cord will then send signals back telling the body what it needs to do in order to regain homeostasis.How these nerve impulses function: There are receptors (sensors) in the body that monitor the environment and respond to stimuli. An example of a stimuli would be an increase in temperature. Once the receptors sense a stimuli, they send the signal to the control center which we know is the brain and spinal cord. The control center receives the input from the receptors and decides what effectors to put in place. An Effector is a group of muscles or glands that actually carry out the work that makes the body go back to normal. An example of an effector would be the sweat glands that make you sweat to bring your temperature back down.There are two different types of responses to regain homeostasis called Negative feedback and Positive feedbackNegative Feedback: This is a controlled response/regulation. It reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, and then makes changes in the body so that it works in the opposite direction the stimulus was pushing it. It’s like when your room is too hot. You take the thermostat (stimulus) and stop it from making the room any hotter. You then turn it to the cooler side to counteract the heat.Positive Feedback: This is when the body enhances the original stimulus so that the body’s response speeds up. Nothing about this response is controlled, it just turns into a chain reactionof responses. This occurs during childbirth, or during blood clotting. Think of it as an avalanche or waterfall, something small quickly turns into a big chain reaction.The Anatomical Position: The body is erect and the feet are slightly apart with the palms of yourhands facing forward thumbs pointing away from the body. *I recommend looking that the visuals available in the book to get a really good idea of what it looks like. A couple good things to remember is that we will always use our directional terms as if the body is always in the anatomical position. It doesn’t matter if the body is laying facedown, in a running position, or sitting down. The directions will still be said as if it is in anatomical position. Also, the directions right and left refer body’s point of view, not as you are looking at it. Orientation and Direction Terms: (Remember to think of these in terms of the anatomical position) *I recommend looking at the visuals in the book to gain the best understanding Superior: Toward the head or upper end to the bodyInferior: Toward the lower part of the bodyVentral (anterior): Toward the front side of the bodyDorsal (posterior): Toward the back side of the bodyMedial: Toward or at the midline of the bodyLateral: Away from the midline of the bodyIntermediate: Between a medial structure and a lateral structureProximal: Nearest a point of attachment (example of a point of attachment: where your arm connects to the trunk of your body) Distal: Away from a point of attachmentSuperficial (external): Toward or at the body’s surface (think toward the skin)Deep (internal): Away from the body’s surface Axial: Head, neck, trunkAppendicular: Everything that has been added on (example: arms and legs which are referred toas