BSC 181 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. DermisII. Skin MarkingsIII. Skin ColorOutline of Current Lecture IV. Skin Color ContinuedV. Hair/NailsVI.GlandsVII. Forms of ProtectionVIII.Skin CancersIX. Types of BurnsCurrent LectureSkin Color Continued: There are many other colors that our skin can take. Here is a list of the ones talked about during lecture and the color they are associated with. Cyanosis is when skin turns blue, due to low amounts of oxygen in your blood. Erythema (Eryth: means red) is caused when you have a fever, or when you get angry. Pallor (blanching/paling) this can occur with fear.Jaundice is when you look yellow, (liver disorder). Bronzing is when there is an inadequate steroid hormones, like in Addison’s disease. Bruises colors can range, but I think you know what a bruise looks like. A bruise is clotted blood beneath skin.Hair/Nails: “the appendages of the skin” Hair: is dead cells of hardened keratin, it functions to warn when bugs or other objects are on our skin, it is for protection from sunlight and abrasions, and it protects our body from losing heat. It is not on your palms, lips, and other areas of the body. There are twomajor classifications of hair. The Vellus hair, is the hair type that we have as children. It isgenerally fine, and pale. This is the type of hair on women’s faces. The other is Terminal hair, which is pubic hair, more coarse leg hair, and this the classification of adult male facial hair. When talking about thinning and baldness, there are also two classifications. Alopecia, which is the natural retreat of the hairline, and then there is Alopecia Areata (adisorder), which might be an autoimmune disorder. You can tell that it is Alopecia Areata(a disorder) because of the random patches of bald spots.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Hair Follicles: these are found from the epidermis layer to the dermis, it is a two layered wall. The two layered wall is made up of the epidermis and the dermis, and both surround the bulb of the hair follicle also known as the hair bulb. This has touch receptors and it is an actively dividing area. The Arrector pili is responsible for giving us goose bumps, and the Hair papilla is dermis tissue that makes sure the hair follicles gets blood supply.Nails: nails, like hair are just bundles of hard keratin and are modifications of the epidermis, and their purpose is for protection.Glands: also “appendages of the skin” These are the glands that we talked about in lecture.Sweat Glands: are also called sudoriferous glands, and they are on every part of your body except the nipples, and external genitalia. There are two different types of sweat glands, the endocrine and the apocrine. Endocrine Glands: is the one that is most numerous in the body, and it can be most found on palms, soles, and forehead. What is important to remember about this gland is that the gland connects to pores. (These exit as a pore onto the skin, not all sweat glands do that) These glands are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and it is the evaporation of the endocrine glands that helps cool the bodyApocrine Glands: these are confined to axillary and anogenital areas, and they make their debut during puberty. These are larger than the endocrine sweat glands, and it is the apocrine glands that cause body odor. Their ducts empty intohair follicles and they do not empty it on the skin surface the other ones. Mammary Glands are under the umbrella of apocrine glands, they produce milk, and it’s a modified apocrine gland. Ceruminous glands are also under the apocrine umbrella, and these produce earwax.Sebaceous (Oil) Glands: these are widely distributed, but they are most commonly foundin hair follicles. These are also pretty much inactive until puberty hits. It secretes sebum, which is a bacterial, oily secretion that softens the hair and skin.Protection : There are three types of barriers that protect our body, Chemical barriers, Physical barriers, and Biological barriers. Chemical Barriers: are skin secretion and melanin. Skin secretion like sebum, helps kill of bacteria. It creates a low pH level that is too hostile for the bacteria to live in. Melanin helps fight against UV damage from the sun.Physical Barriers: these are flat, dead cells of stratum corneum surrounded by lipids, they block most water and water soluble substances Biological Barriers: in this category, we have the dendritic cells of epidermis that tells ourwhite blood cells what cells that don’t belong look like so it can go attack it. There are also the macrophages of dermis which does the exact same thing except in the dermis. Notice they do the same thing just in different places. The last is DNA. DNA actually turns radiation into heat, and its electrons absorbs UV radiation.Skin Cancers : There are many different types of skin cancers, and there are a couple ways that they can be classifies. The first is if the cancer is benign which is not cancerous or not invasive and there are those that metastasize or (spread). There are three major types of skin cancer that we talked about in lecture. Basal cell carcinoma (not metastatic): Least malignant; most common, and it has a good prognosis (which means that it is very likely to be treated successfully) you can cut out the tumor, which works 99% of the time.Squamous cell carcinoma (not metastatic): this is the second most common type and it ismore likely to metastasize, it also has a good prognosis, and it can be treated by radiation or surgical removal of the tumor.Melanoma (metastatic): this is the most dangerous and it is very metastatic, and very resistant to chemotherapy. It is treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy. The key to survival is early detection and it can it can be detected by the ABCD rule. (asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter) Burns : this is when tissue is damaged by heat and it’s classified by the severity of the burn. First Degree: is epidermal damage only, a sunburn is an exampleSecond Degree: is epidermal and dermal damage, this is when blisters appearThird Degree: the entire thickness of the skin is involved, there is no pain because all of the nerve endings are destroyed, skin grafting will be needed to regrow the skin, the burn can go all the way to the bone.It is Critical if: more than