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ISU BSC 181 - Bone growth, Types of fractures, and bone repair

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BSC 181 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Classification of BonesII. Types of Bone MarkingsIII. Compact and Spongy Bone and Long BoneIV. Parts of the BoneOutline of Current Lecture V. Intramembranous versus endochondral ossification and growth platesVI. Types of FracturesVII. Stages of Bone RepairCurrent LectureIntramembranous versus endochondral ossification and Growth platesIntramembranous: forms many of the skull bones and clavicles, it begins within the fibrous connective tissue membranes, ossification centers then appear, then woven bone and periosteum form, lastly lamellar bone replaces woven bone & red marrow appears to complete the process.Endochondral Ossification: this deals with many of the bones that are inferior to the base of the skull except for clavicles, this ossification starts in the 2nd month of development. It begins at the primary ossification located in the center of the shaft (new bone) during embryonic stages. It then develops secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses after birth.Growth plates: At the beginning the bone has a single cartilage matrix in the middle of the bone. That then changes as the bone begins to grow. The bone will then change to have two growth plates (ossification centers) at either end of the bone. Review the types of fracturesThere are three ways of classifying fractures:Location of bone after fracture: Nondisplaced means the ends retained a normal position, Displaced means ends are out of their normal alignmentCompleteness of break: Complete means the bone was broken all the way throughIncomplete means the bone was not broken all the way throughThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.If the skin has been penetrated: Open (compound) fracture means the skin was penetrated,Closed (simple) fracture means the skin was not penetratedComminuted Fracture: means the bone breaks into three or more piecesCompression Fracture: is when the bone was crushed (flattened) and you can never regain the height of that bone againEpiphyseal: this is when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis either along or through the growth plate, this can cause a shift in how the bone growsSpiral: usually see in abuse (twisting of the arms) actually causes an almost spiral breakDepression: the bone is broken inward leaving an indent, often seen as “blunt force trauma”Greenstick Fracture: this is an incomplete fracture, one side of the bone tends to be bent, the other side has the incomplete break. (think of what happens when you bend a young twig)Know the stages of bone repairThe first step the bone takes is to form a hematoma (a clot much like when you get a cut). Second, a Fibrocartilaginous Callus Forms. This is when capillaries grow into the hematoma, phagocytic cells clear away dirt and debris, and fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span the break and connect the broken ends. Thirdly, the Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin to reconstruct the bone completing the (soft callus). After the fibrocartilaginous callus forms, the bony callus forms. Here new trabeculae form changing the fibrocartilagious callus to the bony callus of spongy bone. Lastly comes bone remodeling where left over material is discarded and compact bone


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ISU BSC 181 - Bone growth, Types of fractures, and bone repair

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