HIST 102 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 21)Immigration Boom in the U.S.What kind of causes and effects were related to the immigration boom in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s?Causes-- Many immigrants were fleeing poverty and persecution in other countries and had heard of the United States as the land of jobs. Because of the industrial revolution and developing electricity and other technology, there were more jobs to fill. Post-Civil War Reconstruction also mean that there was a need for labor to help rebuild the destroyed, war-torn south.Effects—With populations exploding in U.S. cities, doubling between 1860 to 1900, for the first time in 1920, the cities were more occupied than rural areas. Many people were leaving their farms to search for work in the city. Higher concentrations of people in the city led to poor sanitation as the infrastructure was not prepared for so many people. This led to poor sanitation, and streets became filled with human waste and rats. Because the working poor could not afford to commute to and from the city as the higher classes could, cities became denser with the poorer, lower class workers, who were mostly immigrants. Much of this contributed to class, racial, religious, and other divisions.Who were the immigrants coming to the U.S.? How did their backgrounds affect their treatment in the U.S.?The “Old” wave of immigrants came before 1880 and tended to be from northern and western Europe (Britain, Ireland, etc.). They were mostly white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants and tended to have high literacy rates in their native tongues and existing wealth from their homelands, which allowed them to respectively fit into white America better and transition into English.The “New” wave of immigrants who came after 1880 were largely from southern and eastern Europe (Italians, Russians, Greeks, Poles, Slavs). Because they were mostly Catholic, Jews, and Greek Orthodox with a lower literacy rate and coming from poverty, they had a greater struggle than the “Old” immigrants because they were more different than “native” Americans. Immigrants mostly arrived on the East Coast through Ellis Island, where their names were often butchered by the worker at the gate and where they were screened for disease, political beliefs,and other qualities that could result in them being quarantined or even deported. Most intended to return to their homelands after making enough money. On Angel Island on theWest Coast, most immigrants were Asian, especially between 1851 and when 300,000 Chinese came to work on the railroad or the Gold Rush.What were some of the consequences of anti-immigration attitudes?Many “Old” wave immigrants looked down from their success on the new immigrants as inferiorbecause they were less white and religiously different. They often attacked the language and cultural differences of these new immigrants as indicators of their poor “morals,” attacks that were often hypocritical in nature. Essentially, the hostility towards new immigrants came down to jobs. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress in 1882 after Californians lobbied to pass a law restriction Chinese from entering the U.S. Chinese continued to try to sneak in through other channels, such as Canada, until the act was repealed in time before World War II when the U.S. needed an ally to fight the Japanese.Lecture 2 (January 28) What kind of conditions did immigrants face in the late 1800s to early 1900s?Immigrants faced a great deal of nativism and xenophobia because of “natives” condemning their “lawlessness” and “immorality,” which masked the true motivation of fearing the loss of jobs. However, immigrants were exploited by a system in which because they arrived very poor,they were willing to work for less money, which meant they took many of the worst jobs—mining, packing houses, slaughterhouses, steel work, etc. They often remained in extreme poverty because they were unskilled—even those who arrived with skills from their homelands were disadvantaged due to language barriers. It was often impossible to support a family with just the parents working, so children joined the labor force in high numbers. With such poverty,cities became extremely densely populated. For example, a tiny, two-room apartment could house 8 family members and 6 boarders, with people sharing beds, switching shifts to sleep. What kind of political and social developments emerged during the late 1800s and early 1900s?Political machines, or informal government structures without any actual legal basis, began to emerge and corrupt how and what policies were in place. These were huge networks of political figures and big businesses, who often circulated kickbacks from corporations amongst themselves, manipulating the system in to serve their own interests. They often influenced voting through underhanded techniques. In response to the political machines and corruption, the Settlement House Movement emerged, started by Jane Addams, a member of a group of educated, middle-class women. Addams and her followers raised funds and gathered other social reformers to start the Hall House, which was the first community center in the middle of Chicago’s poorest neighborhoodto offer various services for the economically disadvantaged class. Hall House was the first to offer volunteer day cares, literacy schools, employment aid, welfare, and even battered women’s shelters. The idea spread to other cities as more members of the middle class sought solutions to break the hold of party bosses and political machines and to unite the lower and middle classes and raise them up together. The Settlement House Movement also became an opening to discuss women’s rights.Women’s Suffrage emerged with the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Many women activists had helped to fight for blacks’ rights in hopes that the abolition of slavery would lead to a seamless transition to women’s rights, but black leaders like Frederick Douglass were unwilling to work with Susan B. Anthony and her followers. In 1890, the National Women’s Suffrage Movement, which had been focused on voting, equal pay, and property rights for women, joined forces with the American Women’s Suffrage Association, which was a more mainstream movement focused solely on the right to vote. They became the National American Women’s