HISTORY 102 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture I. Immigration Boom in the U.S.a. Causesb. EffectsII. Who Were the Immigrants?a. “Old” wave (pre-1880)b. “New” wave (post-1880)c. Increasing in numberd. How did they arrive?i. Ellis Islandii. Angel IslandIII.Anti-Immigration Attitudes Begina.Who?b.Why?c.The Chinese Exclusion ActCurrent LectureI.Immigration Boom in the U.S.a.Causesi.Industrial revolution: electricity and more technology meant more jobs to fillii.Post-Civil War Reconstruction: the destruction in the south created a need for help rebuildingiii.Poverty/persecution in other countriesb.EffectsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i.Populations explode1.Populations in U.S. cities explode, doubling from 20% in 1860 to 40% in 1900. Some of this is from rural migration, but most is from immigration2.In 1920, for the first time, more people live in cities than in rural areas (no suburbs yet = post WWII)3.Rural migration: people leave their farms in search for work in thecityii.Poor sanitation: cities do not have the proper infrastructure for so many people; streets are filled with human waste, rats, etc. iii.Class division: the poor cannot afford the commuter culture of the higherclasses; cities become denser with lower class workers, mostly immigrants iv.America’s power: the “rise of the city” preceded when America began to become a great power (immigration, imperialism, industrial revolution)II. Who Were the Immigrants?a. “Old” wave of immigrants = pre-1880i.Northern/western Europe (Britain, Ireland, etc.) – distinctly white Anglo-Saxonii.Protestantiii.Tended to have high literacy in their native tongues, which meant easier adaptation to English; many were already somewhat wealthy in their homelandsb.“New” wave of immigrants = post-1880i.Southern/eastern Europe (Italians, Russians, Greeks, Poles, Slavs)ii.Catholic, Jews, Greek Orthodoxiii.Tended to have low literacy even in their native tongues, which meant difficulty adapting to English; many were coming from poverty in their homelandsc.Increasing in numbersi.between 1880-1920, 23 million immigrants joined the U.S. population, comprising almost 1/3 of the existing population at a rate of about 1 million per yearii.Populations in New York City, Boston, and Milwaukee were 70% immigrantsd.How did they arrive?i.Ellis Island on the East Coast1.Majority of immigrants (European)2.Incoming names were written/translated, often poorly, at the whim of the worker3.“Screening” process for disease, political beliefs, etc. also meant immigrants could be quarantined before eventual admission or deportation4.Most arrived intending to return home after making enough moneyii.Angel Island on the West Coast1.Mostly Asian immigrants arrived this way (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)2.1851-1882: more than 300,000 Chinese came to work on the railroad or in the Gold Rush before the Chinese Exclusion act was passed3.1891-1907: Japanese come nextIII.Anti-Immigration Attitudes Begina.Who?i.Many “Old” wave immigrants, now successful, looked at newly arrived immigrants as un-American and inferiorii.Many existing U.S. citizensb.Why?i.Newer immigrants as a whole were less white, Anglo-saxon and thus easier to see as differentii.Religious differences—older immigrants were mostly Protestant, versus the newer Catholic, Jews, Greek Orthodoxiii.Huge language and cultural differences, attacks on “their” morals were often hypocritical (i.e., Germans criticize Italians for drinking alcohol)iv.More than any of the above—competition over c.The Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882i.Because immigration is a federal and not a state level of legislation, Californians lobby Congress to pass a law restricting Chinese from entering the United Statesii.Chinese continue to try to sneak in, including through Canadaiii.Repealed just in time before World War II when the U.S. needs an ally to fight the