HIST 102 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last LectureI. U.S.—Need for WWII InvolvementII. U.S.-Japanese RelationsIII. Pearl Harbor and the GiantIV. U.S. MobilizationV. African Americans during the warOutline of Current LectureI. Anti-Japanese Sentiments at HomeII. WWII Military StrategyIII. Planning D-DayIV. The D-Day AttackV. Reversing the Tide of the WarVI. End of the War in EuropeCurrent LectureAmerica’s Europe First CampaignI. Anti-Japanese Sentiments at Homea. Following the attack, the Roosevelt administration and many U.S. citizens harbored anti-Japanese sentiment, fearing sabotage from Japaneseb. Executive Order 9066 in February 1942 ordered the relocation/internment of Japanese and Japanese-American citizensc. They were forced from their homes to live in camps, and many came back after the war to find their homes/jobs gone or takend. Earl Warren, governor of California at the time and future Chief Justice, was vocally against Japanesee. 2/3 of the interned Japanese were U.S. citizensf. There was no evidence of disloyalty, but FDR and his administration felt justifiedg. It seemed logical, however, the majority of Japanese were moved from Oregon, Washington, and California—not Hawaii, which had the highest concentration of Japanese immigrantsII. WWII Military Strategya. U.S. faced pressure from Great Britain and the Soviet Union to use a “Europe First” strategy instead of attacking JapanThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. This came out of the belief that Hitler was more of a threat, and rumors about the death camps put pressure to liberatec. Various ideas of military strategyi. Stalin—proposed a mainland invasion of western Europe, which would bea difficult, massive undertakingii. Churchill proposed hitting northern Africa first and using it as a staging ground to move upwards through Sicily and Italy, calling this the “Soft Underbelly of the Axis”iii. Churchill’s strategy was used first, called “Operation Torch” in order to weaken the Axis powers before D-Dayiv. Churchill’s strategy left the Soviet soldiers fighting the Nazis alone longerv. Stalin’s strategy later became D-Dayvi. Mussolini was overthrown and Italy liberatedvii. Military bases in North Africa were established for planes and bombers III. Planning D-Daya. Planning went on during the Soft Underbelly attackb. General Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed a new position of Supreme Allied Commander to oversee all forces during the D-Day invasioni. This would ensure it was a carefully orchestrated invasion (needed cooperation between weather, multiple armies and many commanders)ii. This placed him at risk for all blame if it failediii. Practiced on beaches of Britainc. Patton’s Ghost Armyi. General Patton was placed in charge of a “ghost army,” which was intended to throw Hitler off and appear as a huge force mobilizing from the airii. In fact, many of the tanks were actually balloons and radio activity was fakedIV. The D-Day Attacka. Originally planned for June 9th, the attack was moved to June 6th in order to beat a coming stormb. Massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy across the English Channel—this was a turning point in the warc. This was the largest amphibious landing in history with 11 million men and 11,000 aircrafts involvedd. Omaha and Utah beach had large American involvement, and over 11,000 American men were lost on June 6th alonee. Some soldiers drowned from their equipment weighing them downf. Nazis had a huge advantage as they were able to shoot downwards onto the beach and their “iron crosses” hindered landing onto the beachV. Reversing the Tide of the Wara. D-Day was successful in turning the war towards the Allied forcesb. Paris was taken back within 3 monthsc. American forces raced towards Berlin (somewhat against the allies of the Soviets coming from the east in order to prevent them from taking the region after the war was over)d. The Red Army (Soviets) were first to cross the concentration camps, discovering gas chambers, ovens, and mass gravese. The Nazis had panicked in the invasion and tried to kill as many prisoners as possibleVI. End of the War in Europea. In the post-war Nuremberg trials, 24 high-ranking Nazi officials were convicted ofcrimes against humanityb. Hitler and his wife committed suicide April 30, 1945c. May 8, 1945 became known as VE Day—Victory in Europe when the Germans surrenderedd. U.S. then shifted its attention to the Pacific, where it had been fighting simultaneously since Pearl Harbore. Many soldiers came home from Europe only to return to fighting in the