HIST 102 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last LectureI. Battling Power in EuropeII. HitlerIII. The Beginning of WWIIIV. WWII and “Appeasement”Outline of Current LectureI. U.S.—Need for WWII InvolvementII. U.S.-Japanese RelationsIII. Pearl Harbor and the GiantIV. U.S. MobilizationV. African Americans during the warCurrent LectureAwakening the Sleeping GiantI. U.S.—Need for WWII involvementa. Previously preoccupied with the Great Depressionb. Roosevelt began path towards war under the claim of neutrality, but policies aided Great Britain i. Cash & Carry in 1939 was a policy that stated that any country could buy U.S. products, but required payment upfront and the country to pick up and carry the products itself, without any U.S. shipping involvement1. This avoided the tangles of credits and delayed payments2. This ensured the U.S. did not have to use its resources to ship and escort materials across the Atlantic3. It was an easy way to make money for the U.S.ii. “Boats for Bases” in 1940 was specifically designed for the British1. The U.S. sent 50 WWI destroyers in exchange for rights to British naval bases2. Around this time, the Selective Service Act was initiated—it was the first (technically) peacetime drafiii. Lend Lease in 1941 was like Cash & Carry, but with tweaks to accommodate the British needsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. The British were running out of money and resources, so the U.S. leased products to other countries2. U.S. destroyers escorted the products3. FDR described it as “lending a garden hose to a neighbor to put out a fire”II. U.S.-Japanese Relationsa. 1937—Following Japan’s invasion of China, FDR threatened with an embargo, butJapan still continued its invasionsb. 1940—France fell to Germany, and lost many of its southeast Asian coloniesi. This inspired the U.S. to get more involved, both for humanitarian reasonsand to pragmatically protect its interests in the areaii. As Japanese neared the Philippines, the U.S. imposed a trade embargo (no oil or scrap metal)iii. The main goal was to get the Japanese outc. 1941—open negotiations between U.S. and Japanese leaders began regarding re-opening trade and discontinuing aggression but afer several months, no progress was madei. The two countries took a “time out”—modus vivendi—for 90 days with the agreement to not take any action against each otherii. It was just a month later that the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, violating the agreementiii. The U.S. had had an idea from intercepting and decoding Japanese messages, but the Japanese had intentionally scrambled their times/locationsiv. The U.S. was prepared for an attack somewhere, such as the Philippines or Midway Island, but did not think of Pearl Harbor as a likely targetIII. Pearl Harbor and the Gianta. Sunday, December 7, 1941—the Japanese attacked the Hawaiian islandi. U.S. soldiers thought the sirens were a cruel drill/joke as punishment for their hangoversii. The attack killed 2,400 Americansiii. Ultimately, the attack was a failure as Japan did not want to bring the U.S.into the war but wanted to slow down its navy and involvementiv. All but one of the battleships sunk that day were re-risen, repaired, and used in the warb. Pearl Harbor became the rallying cry for the U.S. war mobilizationi. Japanese feared they had awakened a sleeping, rage-filled giantii. President FDR had all but 1 vote from Congress to go to wariii. 16.4 million men would serve in the war, and the demand to supply them was enough to stimulate the lagging U.S. economyIV. U.S. Mobilizationa. The Office of War Mobilizationi. Ensured car and other factories were now building guns and bombersb. Office of Scientific Research and Developmenti. Developed radar, sonar, and the bazookaii. Would later oversee the Manhattan Project, which created the atomic bomb and ended the Warc. Rationsi. Ordinary Americans faced strict rationing to accommodate the warii. Rubber was no longer available for the average personiii. Oil became a rare commodity, with strict qualifications for who could fill their gas tanksiv. Food rations, especially sugarv. Nylon for parachutes—women began drawing on the back seam instead of wearing them, holding “pantyhose parties” to support the war vi. Carpooling became a trendvii. Campaigns to urge U.S. citizens to adopt war-effort mentalities, i.e., saving fats, not wasting, etc.d. Costsi. The cost of WWII went from $9 billion in 1940 to 98 billion in 1944ii. National debt went from $42 billion in 1940 to 257 billion in 1950iii. The U.S. government urged people to buy “Victory Bonds” to invest and support the war efforte. Office of War Propagandai. Campaigned against the Japanese and Germansii. Presented the image of Rosie the Riveter, which would become emblematic of the strong but still feminine womanV. African Americans during the wara. The Second Migration was the largest in history, with many blacks moving to the North and from rural to urban areasb. There were still widespread racial restrictions, and many struggled to find jobsc. A Phillip Randolph, black labor leader concerned about racial discriminatory hiring, threatened FDR to organize a massive march on Washingtond. FDR wanted to avoid discontent during the war and signed the Fair Employment Practices Commission in 1941, banning discrimination in war industry or government jobse. However, it expired at the end of the war and only covered some jobsf. Still, it was somewhat successful—twice as many blacks had skilled jobs by the end of the War as beforeg. More propaganda for blacks included Joe Lewis as a symbol h. Still, the Navy would not allow blacks in positions above messmen and cooksi. The Marines would not accept them at