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UMKC HISTORY 102 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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Hist 102 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-18Lecture 10 (February 25)How did the beginning of World War I impact the U.S.?U.S. propaganda demonized Germans, and the Food Administration imposed rations, led by Herbert Hoover, who urged American people to follow “Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays” and other pro-war scarcity efforts. African-Americans left the South for major cities and jobs, and women began working more, which would later contribute to the passage ofthe 19th Amendment for equal suffrage. With the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1918 put in place, it became harder for American people to speak against the war. The Selective Service Actof the same year imposed a draft as only 2 million men volunteered—3 million of the registered 24 million men would be drafted into the war. What were the major events of WWI abroad?First, Russians became increasingly upset about widespread death and starvation as a result of the war, blaming the Czar Nikolas II and the royal Romanov family. Led by Vladmir Lenin, the Bolsheviks took control after overthrowing the Romanov family and brutally murdering them, and immediately negotiated peace with Germany to officially end Russian involvement in Marchof 1918. Americans were outraged at Russia’s abrupt exit. The Second Battle of Marne on March 21, 1918 marked the “beginning of the end” for the Germans, when they launched a major offensive and took a huge amount of battle. The Allies were able to defeat the Germans, who no longer had an offensive capability. By November, German loss was obvious. The Armistice of November 11 was the official agreed-upon ceasefire date between the Allies and Central Powers—the 11th day of the 11th month at the 11th hour. Today this is known as Veteran’s Day.What were the circumstances of the end of the war?Wilson’s 14 Points dictated that there would be no more secret alliances, redrew many borders without consideration for existing ethnic group, and established the League of Nations. When he presented his 14 points at the Treaty of Versailles in January 1919, the “Big Four” wanted more reparations from Germany than he had included out of concern for being too aggressive against Germany. Wilson’s political clout at home had dwindled, and the U.S. never signed the treaty or joined the League of Nations. Meanwhile, Britain and France adjusted the 14 points tosuit their interest, and the War Guilt Clause, Article 31, placed all blame for the war on Germanyand forced it to pay for it. This cost $33 billion over 50 years, which would bankrupt the German people and cause widespread hatred for the government—enabling Hitler to later come to power.Lecture 11 (March 4)What was the social and political climate like in the U.S. following World War I?Many Americans blamed Wilson for the war and vowed to never again be involved in a war of that nature. Wartime wages dropped again, causing workers’ discontent. In 1919, the strikes began again, this time with 4 million workers—20% of the workforce. Calvin Coolidge sent the National Guard to stamp down the strikes, and his favoring business of labor earned him the 1920 vice president nomination. During the Red Summer of 1919, racial problems worsened until bloody riots broke out all over the country. Whites felt threatened by blacks, and the number of lynchings increased not just in the South. Some black veterans returned home only to be lynched in their uniforms. The worse riots were in Chicago, during which blacks were mostly responding to their treatment from whites.During this time, the Ku Klux Klan saw huge revival in its membership as it had an “all inclusive” chapter of hatred on the basis of race, religion, etc. during the 1920s. Even President Warren G. Harding was sworn in as an honorary member in an official ceremony at the White House in the Oval Office.A. Mitchell Palmer began the early investigations and raids that would become the FBI, targetingall “radicals” in a witchhunt for those responsible for a series of mail bombs sent to prominent Americans. The witchhunt for Communists became a hunt for any immigrants, many of whom were not true radicals. The Sacco Vinzetti trial in Massachusetts was a striking example of how racism became the guiding force of the Red Scare, as the trial focused less on the evidence of the two Italians’ charges of robbery and murder and more on their being Italian and anarchists.Harding’s presidency became notorious for being the most corrupt term after multiple incidents, including the Teapot Dome Affair in which huge kickbacks were exposed. His term also marked the return to laissez faire, or government’s favor for big business.Lecture 12 (March 9)What were the social and political climates of the 1920s like?The 1920s were a prosperous time for the U.S., with a rise in employments, goods, and wages. Spending behavior was high and increased sharply when buying on credit was introduced.Women, who earned the right to vote in 1920, challenged social norms of behavior as more of them became “flappers.” A huge cultural explosion fostered a newfound American love for its celebrities, and the Harlem Renaissance became the center of black culture. Blacks still faced disadvantages, and Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association to stress blacks’ need for their own advancement and return to their roots---this became the largest African American movement in history, with more membership than any other. It created its own shipping company, the Black Star Line, to transport blacks “back to Africa”. However, Garvey was deported back to Jamaica when the government charged him with illegal practices, but his ideas about black racial pride, identity, and equality remained.What was the impact of Prohibition?The 1919 18th Amendment gave power to pass a law banning alcohol, which was the Volstead Act. This prohibited the sale, production, and transport of alcohol, but did not outlaw consumption. The law was oddly written and hard to enforce, and illustrated the “rural” perception of being better than the urban areas of immigrants, business, and crime. Rather than fixing problem, the law created more crime and contributed to more tension in the urban versus rural dynamic. What was the Scopes Trial?This same urban versus rural dynamic would arise in the Scopes Trial in Tennessee, in which a substitute teacher


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