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UAB BY 124 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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BY 124 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 7 13 Lecture 7 What are hyphae What do they do What are they called in parasitic Fungi What are the two different forms of hyphae Hyphae form mats called mycelium in fungi This is allows for digestion of nutrients from soil and sometimes other plants In parasitic fungi hyphae is referred to as haustorium The two forms of hyphae are septate hypha separates nuclei with partitions that have holes in them for communication and coencytic hypha nuclei are not separated What is the dominant stage in Fungi Are they mainly asexual or sexual Describe the sexual cycle The dominant stage in fungi is haploid and they are typically asexual Sexual reproduction occurs during bad times For the sexual cycle mycelium will come together and fuse their cytoplasm This is referred to as plasmogamy Then karyogamy occurs where the nuclei from the two different fungi fuse together This forms the zygote Meiosis soon follows producing spores that are then germinated which result in more mycelium From here the cycle can start over or it can shift over to the asexual cycle Lecture 8 What are the five major groups of Fungi What is the largest group of fungi What is its common name What is its life cycle Lecture 7 and 8 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes The largest group of fungi is the Ascomyctes otherwise known as the sac fungi Their lifecycle In asexual reproduction the mycelium can produce haploid cells called conidia Germination occurs in the conidia and this forms hypha which then form mycelium In sexual reproduction there are two different types of mycelia or sort of like male and female in humans These two types of mycelium will come together and plasmogamy will occur This creates a heterokaryotic organism with a diploid nucleus From here karyogamy occurs which is followed by meiosis which produces four haploid nuclei Then these nuclei undergo mitosis and form eight ascosporeswhich will then be discharged through the ascocarp These will then form the new mycelium Describe the life cycle of Basidiomycetes These fungi are specifically sexual fungi Two haploid mycelia of two different types undergo plasmogamy This dikaryotic organism then forms the basidiocarp that will develop gills lined in basidia These are terminal cells that will undergo karyogamy to form a diploid nucleus Each nucleus undergoes mitosis to create four haploid nuclei each of which will develop into a basidiospore These basidiospores are released and carried by wind If they land in suitable conditions then these basidiospores will germinate to form more haploid mycelia What are five main characteristics of Animals i ii iii iv v Eukaryotic Heterotrophic digestive not absorptive Store carbohydrates in glycogen No cell walls Need oxygen to come in and carbon dioxide to leave Describe early embryonic development The zygote of an animal will undergo a series of mitotic divisions referred to as cleavage This forms an eight cell embryo To achieve these eight cells the zygote had to undergo mitosis three times After cleavage a multicellular stage is produced called a blastula This is usually a hollow ball of cells that surround the blastocoel the cavity that is being surrounded Following blastulation is gatrulation This is the process by which one end of the embryo folds inward producing the embryonic tissues ectoderm and endoderm eventually mesoderm will arise from the endoderm as the embryonic stage progresses Why did animals increase in diversity why were they able to survive during the Cambrian Explosion There was an increase in oxygen and cellular respiration an increase in prey and Hox genes arose What are the two subkingdoms of Kingdom Animalia Parazoa and Eumetazoa Parazoa contains only the phylum Porifera or sponges Eumetazoa meaning true animals include basically all of the other phyla of Kingdom Animalia Describe the different types of symmetry Give an example of each Asymmetry is the lack of symmetry completely ex Sponges There is no way that the organism can be split to form a mirror image Radial symmetry indicates that the organism can be split in any direction down the middle and it will be symmetric no matter what ex Jellyfish Bilateral symmetry means that the organism can only be cut in one direction down the middle in order to be symmetric ex Worms dogs fish humans What are the different types of body cavities Some only have 2 layers diploblastic Endo and ectoderm while some have three layers triploblastic Endo meso and ectoderm a Coelomate a Coelom body cavity i Endoderm is completely surrounded by mesoderm b Pseudocoelomates a space between mesoderm and endoderm c Acoelomates a No coelom cavity i No space between gut and outside wall Compare Protostome vs Dueterostome development Protostome Deuterostome Cleavage Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate Coelom formation Parts of the mesoderm will split off and begin to the form the coelom independent of the rest of the mesoderm Forms as outpockets of archenteron of the mesoderm Fate of blastopore Mouth vs Anus Mouth forms first blastopore mouth Mouth forms second blastopore anus Lecture 9 Describe the anatomy of the sponge Include mesohyl pores spongocoel choanocytes and amobeocytes What type of symmetry do sponges have What are spicules and what are the different types a Porous many pores holes b Suspension feeders i Capture food particles suspended in water which passes through the body 1 Water is drawn through the central cavity the spongocoel and then flows out of sponge through a larger opening the osculum c Some have folded body walls and many branched water canals as well as several oscula d Basal animals meaning that they represent a lineage that originates near the root of the phylogenic tree of animals e lack true tissues i Groups of similar cells will act as a functional unit and are isolated from other tissues by membranous layers f Contains several types of cells i Lining of internal spongocoel has flagellated collar cells choanocytes named so for its finger like projections that form a collar around the flagellum 1 These cells engulf bac and food particles by phagocytosis 2 the similarities between choanocytes and the cells of the choanoflagellates supports molecular evidence suggesting that animals evolved from a choanoflagellate like ancestor g Body consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region mesohyl i Both layers come into contact with water so gas


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