EPSY 2130 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Learning?II. What is behaviorism?III. Classical ConditioningIV. Watson’s Take on PsychologyOutline of Current Lecture V. Operant ConditioningVI. Functions of BehaviorVII. Type of Punishment/ReinforcementVIII.Types of EncouragementCurrent LectureOperant Conditioning:-learn to behave in certain ways as we operate on the environment-behaviors are preceded by antecedents and followed by consequences Antecedent: events before behavior (before exam, put stuff away)Behavior: student experiences panic attackConsequence: student fails examFunctions of Behavior:-To get something -Avoid/escape something-Automatic/self-stimulation *more common in autism Types of Punishment/Reinforcement:Positive Reinforcement- strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behaviorNegative Reinforcement- strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs (disappearance of a stimulus)Presentation Punishment- decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presentingan aversive stimulus following the behavior (Type 1)Removal Punishment- decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following a behavior (Type 2)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Types of Encouragement: Praise should be:-honest, specific-focus on outcome, not child-focus on present-privately-avoid comparison-genuineReinforcement Schedule:-Fixed Ratio-response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses -Variable Ratio-response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses-Fixed Interval-first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed-Variable Interval-response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passedCue—providing a stimulus that “sets up” a desired behaviorPrompt—a reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cuePremack Principle: stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforce for a less-preferred activity -if you eat your vegetables, you may eat dessertShaping- reinforcing progress instead of waiting for
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