Bio 181 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7Lecture 1 (Jan 8) What are the seven characteristics of life? What are their propertieso Organisms which are a live have different characteristics and properties that set them apart from one another. This is the reason why biology the study of life is essential to science.o While there is different things that have the characteristics of life it does not makethem living organisms, such as machines that move, use energy and are complex. For something to be a live it must have all the characteristics of lifeo The seven characteristics of life are essential:1. Cellular Organism- all organisms consist of one or more cells- carry out the basic activities of living2. ordered complexity- all living things are both complex and highly order- your body is composed of many different kinds of cells2. sensitivity- all organism respond to stimuli, and react- When pill bugs respond to the light moving toward it or into a shaded area3. Growth, development, and reproduction- organism are capable of growing and reproducing, they all possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring, ensuring offspring’s are of the same species4. energy utilization- all organism take in energy and use it for work:5. Homoeostasis - all organism maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment: your body temperature remains stable despite changes in outside temperature6. Evolutionary adaptation- organism interact with other organisms and nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival- as a consequence, organisms evolve adaptations to their environment- structural adaptation: giraffe growing longer necks to reach the trees7. Movement- This is one of the basic requirement even if they seem motionless there are muscles which moveo While water is not an official characteristic it is important for all organism in order to live.Lecture 2 (Jan 13) Science is very descriptive and needs to be described thoroughly and many hypotheses are formed through this process.o Description is the classic version of the scientific method. Observations lead to hypotheses that make experimentally testable predictions. Much of biology is descriptive leading to an accurate description of life in nature. What are two main research methods in biology?o Discovery science and hypothesis-driven science Discovery science is based on gathering and analyzing data, which is not driven by a hypothesis but on observation. For example this is seen during drug testing and studying how it affects different illnesses. The scientific method has five major steps: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, variables and results. These steps have many different components which lead to a successful theories.- All sciences begins with observations which describe facts based on senses. Observation deal with questioning facts, avoiding assumptions and are used during experiments.- Hypothesis: tries to answer questions formed after careful observation and is a proposition that might be true. A good hypothesis needs to be able to be; rejected, falsifiable, risky, testable and contain an (if, then) format. It can also be changed or refined based on new discoveries and data.- Experimentation: test the hypothesis, design and perform controlled experiments. This also involves variables which influences how the hypothesis is testedo Control variables : when the variable are left unaltered These variables need to be the same throughout the experimento independent variable :only one in an experiment, manipulated by those doing the experimento Dependent variable: changes that occur based on the independent. There can be more than one- Analyze resultso Revaluate what has been done consistent: experimental results must be the same as the observational resultso observable: events can be viewed by human senseo natural: use of natural events or mechanism to explain why or how something happenso predictable: accurate predictions and conclusion based on natural causes observedo Make sure experiment is not based on inference or presupposed information. It needs to also be testable, designed to test natural cause of phenomenon and also tentative, explaining laws, theories and hypotheses. Lecture 3 (Jan 15) How do scientist arrive at logical decisions and conclusions?o The nature of science deals with different types of reasoning, which lead to ways to frame hypotheses. Scientist Also arrive at conclusions by inductive and deductive reasoning - Also seen in the experimentation part of the science Deductive reasoning: uses general concepts to predict precise results. These are uses for concepts that deal with mathematics and philosophy. It is also used to test the rationality of general principles in multiple branches.- This reasoning is very important when testing theories or ideas. For example if mammals give birth to live young and one sees an animal giving birth to live young then one can deduce it is a mammal. It takes a small detail and creates a general assumption. Inductive reasoning: is opposite of deductive reasoning, using specific observations to form general scientific principles. Inductive reasoning leads to generalization that are testable. What is used to describe natural phenomenon and composed of organized concepts reinforced by scientific reasoning and evidence?o Theories are often centered on generalized principles, which have not been disproven. In science this is as close to facts as one gets. Since science always leaves room for new discoveries, it can change based on new research and need tobe debatable. What is really science?o Pseudoscience is seen as fake science mainly because it is not testable or falsifiable. Some examples of these are religion astrology myths and many others.o Junk science is mainly unreliable, biased, and composed of insufficient data. Some examples are media’s portrayal of certain stories and data, which often onlypresents one side of the story or flashy data. It is also very important for scientist and citizens to investigate what they hear or observe.Lecture 4 (Jan 20) Why is Darwin so significant? And who else influenced his process?o Darwin’s discovery of evolution is a prime example of how a hypothesis became a theory. For Darwin to get credit for his experiment he needed enough evidence, arguments and examples to be able to propose his findings as