BIO 181 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Past LectureI. Hierarchy of OrganizationII. Seven Characteristics of LifeIII. Nature of ScienceIV. Scientific MethodOutline of Current LectureI. Deductive and inductive reasoningII. TheoryIII. Is it Really Science?I. deductive and inductive reasoninga. two ways at arriving at a logical conclusionb. seen in scientific methodc. deductivei. use of general principles to predict specific resultsii. reasoning used for mathematics and philosophy iii. the experimentation part of scienceiv. testing theories or ideasv. used to test the validity of general ideas in all branches of knowledge vi. for example: if all mammals have hair and one finds a animal with no hair than one can deduce it is not an mammald. inductive reasoningi. main reasoning when it comes to hypothesis-driven scienceii. take a small little detail and creates a general guessiii. uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles1. ex: if every dog you observe has hair then one can induce that all dogs have hairiv. inductive reasoning leads to generalizationv. use when hypothesis is being formulatedII. theory: proposed explanation for some natural phenomenona. knowledge that has not been disprovedb. this in science is as close to facts as you can getc. because science always leaves some room for new discoveriesd. Characteristics of A theoryi. Needs to be debatableii. often based on some general principle or knowledge that is exceptediii. body of interconnected conceptsiv. can change based on new research foundv. supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidencevi. Ex: Theory of EvolutionIII. Is it Really Science?a. pseudoscience: is seen as fake sciencei. not testable or falsifiable1. ex: religiona. astrologyb. mythsb. junk science: unreliable, biased, insufficient datai. involves media portrayal oftenii. often only presents one side of the storyiii. flashy data by media iv. flip of the y and x axis to push data for one’s favor1. ex: nicotine addiction- for years data not shared about being addictive an media playing a rolev. important for scientist and citizens to investigate what they
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