Bio 181 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 25Final Exam study guideLecture 1 (Jan 8)● What are the seven characteristics of life? What are their properties● Organisms which are alive have different characteristics and properties that set them apart from one another. While there are different things that have the characteristics of life, it does not make them living organisms, such as machines that move, use energy and are complex. For something to be alive it must have all seven characteristics must be present. 1. Cellular Organism● all organisms consist of one or more cells● carry out the basic activities of living 2. Ordered complexitya. all living things are both complex and highly orderb. your body is composed of many different kinds of cells 3. Sensitivitya. all organism respond to stimuli, and reactb. When pillbugs respond to the light moving toward it or into a shaded areac. when auxin moves away from the light causing plants to move toward it 4. Growth, development, and reproductiona. organism are capable of growing and reproducing, they all possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring, ensuring offspring’s are of the same species 5. Energy utilizationa. all organism take in energy and use it for work:b. Homoeostasis: organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment: 6. Evolutionary adaptationa. organism interact with other organisms and nonliving environment in ways that influence their survivalb. as a consequence, organisms evolve adaptations to their environmentStructural adaptation: giraffe growing longer necks to reach the trees 7. Movementa. This is one of the basic requirement even if they seem motionless there aremuscles which moveWhile water is not an official characteristic it is important for all organism in order to live.Lecture 2 (Jan 13)● Science is very descriptive and needs to be described thoroughly and many hypotheses are formed through this process.● Description is the classic version of the scientific method. Much of bio is observations which lead to hypotheses that make experimentally testable predictions.● What are two main research methods in biology?● Discovery science and hypothesis-driven science● Discovery science is based on gathering and analyzing data, which is not driven by a hypothesis but on observation. ● The scientific method has five major steps: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, variables and results. These steps have many different components which lead to a successful theories.● All sciences begins with observations which describe facts based on senses. Observation deal with questioning facts, avoiding assumptions and are used during experiments.● Hypothesis: tries to answer questions formed after careful observation and is a proposition that might be true. A good hypothesis needs to be able to be; rejected, falsifiable, risky, testable and contain an (if, then) format. It can also be changed or refined based on new discoveries and data.● Experimentation: test the hypothesis, design and perform controlled experiments. This also involves variables which influences how the hypothesis is tested■ Control variables : when the variable are left unaltered● These variables need to be the same throughout the experiment■ independent variable :only one in an experiment, manipulated by those doing the experiment■ Dependent variable: changes that occur based on the independent. There can be more than one● Analyze results■ Re-evaluate what has been done consistent: experimental results must be the same as the observational results■ observable: events can be viewed by human sense ■ natural: use of natural events or mechanism to explain why or how something happens■ predictable: accurate predictions and conclusion based on natural causes observed■ Make sure experiment is not based on inference or presupposed information. It needs to also be testable, designed to test natural cause of phenomenon and also tentative, explaining laws, theories and hypotheses.● Conclusion/share results■ speak on if hypothesis rejected or not rejected● Prayer Case Study- why not good science?● Hypothesis: patients that are prayed for will have fewer complication● predictions: prayer will be helpful in additions to medical care● can separate prayers’ effect on patients from medical effects● independent variable: intercessory prayer● dependent variable: number of complications● controlled variable: stays the same throughout● general health conditions of participants similar● faith of participants and those praying● those who have family and friends praying● age, race, sex● types of heart conditions● quality of health care● types of drugs given● patients outlook on life● controlled group those not receiving the independent variable● those not being prayed for● Conclusion: 10% fewer complication, means successful outcomes● assumptions/problems● assuming people who are praying will do it correctly■ sincerity of prayer, length of prayer, actual prayer● considered a pseudoscience● because if it did not yield positive results, does not mean it do not work● meaning it not really falsifiable● could fall into junk science because basing it on a small percentageof data● Data doesn’t show absolute advantage● what is the religion of the people conducting the study● a patients general outlook on life●Lecture 3 (Jan 15)I. How do scientist arrive at logical decisions and conclusions?A. The nature of science deals with different types of reasoning, which lead to ways to frame hypotheses.1. Scientist Also arrive at conclusions by inductive and deductive reasoninga) Also seen in the experimentation part of the science2. Deductive reasoning: uses general concepts to predict precise results. These are uses for concepts that deal with mathematics and philosophy. It is also used to test the rationality of general principles in multiple branches.a) This reasoning is very important when testing theories or ideas. For example if mammals give birth to live young and one sees an animal giving birth to live young then one can deduce it is a mammal. It takes a3. Inductive reasoning: is opposite of deductive reasoning, using specific observations to form general scientific principles. Inductive reasoning