Bio 181 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of past LectureI. EcologyII. BehaviorOutline of Current LectureI. sociobiology/social behaviorII. Learning: example of complex behaviorEcology❖ sociobiology/social behavior➢ Interaction between animals of the same species■ this connection I essential for social behavior● visual, auditory, chemical, tactile, communications animals us■ social systems● Dominance Hierarchy: the ones on the bottom still get protection and some food there are benefits ◆ operative behavior,➢ ex: hunting, lions working together to take done a large wilder beast➢ elements of selfish behavior, because stronger lions still get larger portions● Altruism: risk their own life to help other animals, but still want something from it so it is selfish◆ reducing one’s fitness while increasing the fitness of another◆ reciprocal altruism: expects a future benefit from sacrifice➢ small number of individuals, together for extend time period➢ viper bats getting each other blood when low on nutrients◆ inclusive fitness: seen in animals that live together’➢ seen in relatives helping one another➢ cheetah groups of brother helping one be dominate, while the other don’t mate➢ ‘➢ Learning: example of complex behavior■ information gained from experience that I then incorporated into the nervous systems, to help with response■ drone fly- looks like a bee so a toad most likely will not eat it because theyhave probably eaten it before and got stung■ 1. Habituation: learn not to respond to repeated stimulus■ Associative learning/conditioning: association made between stimulus and response● classical conditioning: physiological response solution or fear◆ nutria stimulus becomes meaningful to animal◆ we learn a lot of our fears from things that happened to us ● operant conditioning: volunteer response, done for benefit or doneso will not get a punishment◆ pigeons taught ping pong by giving them reward◆ fixed interval: which doing something for a specific numberof times gives a reward◆ variable: rewards given randomly➢ trial and error actions◆ Extinction: response rate declines when reinforcement withheld● observational learning: learning by copying◆ important in childhood● Insight learning: previously learn information use to solve new problems◆ problem solving skills are built◆ ex: Chimps modify branches to use for termite and ant extraction ● Imprinting: form association with another individual or object during critical period early in life; long-lasting◆ duck following a puppy thinking it is her mother■ Sleep and Learning:● sleep research with humans, rats, birds◆ slow wave sleep( SWS) < deep slumber- strengthens memories r connections made about things in life◆ rapid eye movement(REM) < associate and connects memories to each other➢ naps improving monkeys memory➢ dreaming seen in all mammals and
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